Genetics Final

3.) Provide three reasons why did Mendel choose pea plants as an experimental model?

1. Please consider the following pedigree. I 1 II 1 a) Assume that colour is controlled by a single sex-influenced gene where green is expressed preferentially in males. Individuals I-1 and I-2 are homozygous for red and green respectively. Which individual/s in generation II will be red? b) If colour is a controlled by cytoplasmic DNA, which individual/s in generation II will be green?

1. Please consider the following pedigree. I 1 2 II 1 a) Assume that colour is controlled by a single sex-influenced gene where orange is expressed preferentially in females. Individuals I-1 and I-2 are homozygous for orange and blue respectively. Which individual/s in generation II will be blue? b) If colour is a controlled by cytoplasmic DNA, which individual/s in generation II will be orange?

1. Construct pedigree charts using the inheritance of hemophilia in figure 92. This is X-linked inheritance so you are required to label XX for females and XY for males. The gene responsible for the trait is represented by the superscript which should be specified in the legend.

26. The trait represented in the following pedigree is expressed only in the males of the family. Is the trait Y linked? Why or why not? If you believe that the trait is not Y linked, propose an alternative explanation for its inheritance. 1 2 II 3 6 II I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IV 1 2 Pierce, Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 7e © 2020 W. H. Freeman and Company

1. The genes for the traits that Mendel worked with are either located on different chromosomes or so far apart on the same chromosome that crossing over almost always occurs between them. How did this circumstance help Mendel recognize the principle of independent assortment? a. Otherwise, his dihybrid crosses would not have produced a 9: 3: 3:1 ratio of F2 phenotypes. b. The occurrence of individuals with unexpected phenotypes led him to the discovery of recombination c. It led him to the realization that the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis explained his results. d. It meant that the alleles involved were either dominant recessive, which gave 3: 1 ratios in the F1 generation. 2. A child is born to a mother whose blood group is B and a father whose blood group is A. The child is of blood group A. According to this which of the following is true? A. The mother has Bombay blood group. B. The child's father is some other man. C. This is a normal case. D. The child has genotype…

10. Examine the pedigree from a family with a genetic disease and answer the questions below: 1:1 1:2 I1:1 II:2 I1:3 Il:4 II:5 I1:6 II:1 III:2 II:3 I:4 III:5 II:6 a) Does this pedigree indicate autosomal dominant, recessive or sex- linked type of inheritance? Give reasons for your choice. b) Assuming that B and b are the normal and mutant alleles respectively, what would be the genotypes of the individuals: II.1, II.2 and III.3 ? c) Individual II.3 requested genetic counselling. What is the probability that her child would be affected. Explain why.

1. The lubber grasshopper is a very large grasshopper and is black with red and yellow stripes. The alleles for red and yellow stripes are co-dominant. Assume that red stripes are expressed from the homozygous RR genotype, yellow stripes from the homozygous YY genotype, and both from the heterozygous genotype RY. a. How many of each genotype will be found in the F1 generation resulting from a cross of two grasshoppers, both with red and yellow stripes? b. How many of each phenotype?

7. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a blue-flowered plant results in a Identify the type of non-Mendelian genetics described. Write A on the blank if the item describes incomplete dominance, B if it describes codominance, and C if the item describes multiple alleles. 1. It is also known as blended inheritance because neither of the genes is able to mask the other. a 2. The offspring has both alleles and both are equally dominant. 3. The genes contain three or more alleles. 4. A cross between a red-flowered plant and a blue-flowered plant results violet-flowered plant. 5. More than two alleles can code for a gene. 6. It is a gene expression in which the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is intermediate between those of the parents. plant with red and blue flowers.

8. In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur (B) is dominant over the allele for white fur (b). Similarly, the allele for straight hair (H) is dominant over the allele for having rough hair (h). Pure breeding rough haired guinea pigs with black fur were crossed with pure breeding straight haired guinea pigs with white fur. a. State the genotype and the phenotype of the F1 individuals produced as a result of this cross.b. Two F1 offspring were mated together. Calculate the expected ratio of phenotypes in the F2 generation.c. Show the completed Punnett square below.

1. In this pedigree, if individual 3rd generation, 3rd person female mated with an unaffected male and they have 7 kids, what is the probability that their children will have cystic fibrosis? Check the following that apply to indicate that this is an autosomal recessive trait: A. Seen in both male and females equally B. Seen in more females C. Seen only in males D. Skips generations and/or lineages E. No generations and/or lineages are skipped F. All the above

choose only if its a or b no need to explain. 1.) In sex-linked inheritance, if a colour blind man mates with a heterozygous woman, what is the expected ratio of phenotypes among the offsprings? Question 6 options: a.) normal female : heterozygous female : normal male : colour-blind male (1 : 1 : 1 : 1) b.) normal female : normal male : colour-blind male (2 : 1 : 1) c.) normal female : heterozygous female : normal male ( 1 : 1 : 2) d.) heterozygous female: colour blind female: normal male: colour-blind male (1: 1: 1: 1) 2.) The human female has two X chromosomes. In which of the following ways will x-linked traits be inherited among humans? a.) from mother to daughter only b.) from mother to son only c.) from mother to both son and daughter d.) from mother neither to son, nor to daughter

3) The most likely inheritance pattern in the pedigree above is:

1. Fur color of rats is determined by the pathway below. The mating between brown rats of identical genotypesproduced the following offspring: 14 cream-colored, 47 Brown, and 19 albino.Gene B Gene DAlbino  Cream  Browna. What type of inheritance is this?b. What is the genotype of the two parents?c. Complete the cross described above. Identify which genotypes are brown, cream, and albino. Includethe expected phenotypic ratio (brown:cream:albino)

7. a. What is the most probable mode of inheritance for this trait? ܐܘܬܬ b. For each of the other 3 modes of inheritance, briefly explain why it is not possible (or not the most probable Give individuals in the pedigree as evidence (use the I-2 form for designating them).

1. In the pedigree below, Use "A" for the allele associated with the dominant phenotype, and lowercase "a" for the allele associated with the recessive phenotype. Determine what is the most likely mode of inheritance of this disease (whether it is inherited as the result of an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive trait). Write the most probable genotype for each individual based on the mode of inheritance you have determined. Show how all the partners are crossed and the expected offspring produced (You may use Punnett Square) 1 dró || IV

1. Pedigree #2  shows the inheritance of a X-linked trait. What is the genotype of individual 11 from this pedigree? Group of answer choices A. aa B. Aa C. AA D. XaXa E. XAXa F. XAXA   2. Refer to Pedigree #2 determine the mode of inheritance for the indicated X-linked trait before answering the question. If individuals 3 and 4 have another SON, what is the probability that the son will be AFFECTED? Group of answer choices A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% E. 100%     PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE PLEASE DO ALL

1. Given the following pedigree below, use Punnett squares for each of the following possibilities: a) X- linked recessive and b) X-linked dominant in order to determine what is the mode of transmission of this trait. Disease allele = XA or Xa, depending on mode of transmission of the disease respectively. *Unaffected/No carrier-Normal Unaffected X chromosome = X I 11 * 1 2 1 2 3 a) X-linked recessive 11x12 III 2 genotype (circle one): XY 4 XAXA 2 3 5 Xaya *4 6 7 8 b) X-linked dominant 11x12 XAY Xay

1. Muscular dystrophy is a sex-linked recessive condition. If a woman who does not have the conditions but is a carrier of the allele has a child with a normal male, what percentage of their daughters could have muscular dystrophy? What percentage of their sons could have muscular dystrophy? ) 2. What is the likely genotype and phenotype of a mom and dad who have a son with blue eyes and a daughter with brown eyes? The father has blue eyesShow a Punnett square to prove your answer.

3. Construct a pedigree chart by following the information given below. A man who is heterozygous for an autosomal dominant trait marries a woman who is unaffected by that trait. Suppose they have 5 children in this order: affected son, unaffected son, affected daughter, unaffected son and unaffected daughter. The youngest daughter married a man who does not carry the gene for the trait. They have 2 children, one boy and one girl. The eldest child of the generation I couple, on the other hand, married a woman who also exhibits the trait. They have 3 children, 2 girls and 1 boy, all of whom show the trait. genotypes of all persons in this pedigree chart? What are the

4 *The normal color of snapdragons is red. Some pure lines showing variation in flower color have been found. Analyze the following crosses and do the following:² c. Explain the inheritance of these colors (include number of genes, alleles and dominance relationships). d. Determine the genotypes of the parents and the F1 of each cross. e. Propose a biochemical pathway for flower color production in snapdragons. F₂ Parents 1. orange x yellow 2. red x orange 3. red x yellow 4. red x white F₁ orange red red red red 5. yellow x white 9 red: 3 yellow: 4 white 6. orange x white 9 red: 3 orange: 4 white 7. red x white 9 red: 3 yellow: 4 white Hint: Come up with a possible pathway first, it helps to organize your thoughts. red 3 orange: 1 yellow 3 red: 1 orange 3 red: 1 yellow 3 red: 1 white red

1. Mendel crossed a plant that was heterozygous for height and heterozygous for pea shape with a plant that was homozygous dominant for height and heterozygous for shape. What are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? Dominant for height= T (tall) Recessive for height =t (short) pea Dominant for pea shape = R (round) %3D Recessive for pea shape =r(wrinkled) P1:

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12. please match the following terms

1. In humans, curly hair is dominant to straight hair. A woman heterozygous for curly hair marries a man with straight hair and they have children. Show your solutions. a. What is the probability that the first child will have curly hair? b. What is the probability that in a family of four children 3 will be curly and 1 will be straight haired? c. What is the probability that the first three children will be curly-haired girls and the next will be a straight haired boy?

1. Genes A and E are independent. Two individuals with the genotypes AaEe x aaEe are crossed (upper case = dominant, lowercase = recessive). a. Draw your Punnett square(s) in the space below. b. On each line, show your calculations and the final answer. ie 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 What is the probability of these two individuals having the following: an offspring with the phenotype aE ? an offspring that is heterozygous for both traits? an male offspring with the genotype AaEE ?

1. What is the genotype of individual #2?  Explain how you can tell 2. What is the genotype of individual #3 Explain how you can tell.

BIU A- == 三E 12 - Match each of the following examples to the appropriate type of non-Mendelian inheritance. 1. A homozygous recessive genotype for the gene that encodes phenylalanine hydroxylase (which breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine) causes lighter skin color, a musty odor, differences in intellectual development, and seizures. 2. In pea plants, alleles of Gene W control flower color, with the dominant allele (W) leading to purple flower.color, and the recessive allele (w) leading to white flower color. Usually, a genotype of WW or Ww leads to purple flowers. However, when Gene C is homozygous recessive, WW or Ww plants always have white flowers. 3. In mallard ducks, feather coloring is controlled by Gene F. A dominant allele (F) leads to green head feathers, while a recessive allele (f) leads to brown head feathers. In male mallards, inheritance of one or more F alleles always leads to the green head feather trait. But female mallards always have brown head feathers,…