LAB 2
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X19A - Module 2
Lab#2
:
35 points
Part A. Observing the Effects of Osmosis on Cells
Part B. Wet Lab: Beet Membranes
Part C. Wet Lab: Osmosis and Diffusion
Part A. Observing the Effects of Osmosis on Cells
Instructions:
1.
Study depictions of plant & animal cells exposed to different solutions
2.
Fill in data table with your observations & answer the questions that follow
3.
Complete Part A of the Lab#2 worksheet. Move on to Parts B and C. Submit all
parts of Lab#2 together.
Part B. Wet Lab: The Effect of pH and Detergent on Biological Membranes
Introduction
Biological membranes are composed of a phospholipid bilayer with a mosaic of
proteins embedded within it. Since protein structure is sensitive to environmental
conditions such as temperature, pH, and various chemicals, these same conditions
can also affect the integrity of cell membranes. Additionally, exposure to detergents
can also disrupt the phospholipid bilayer. Detergents are
amphipathic
molecules
that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions, which is why they make good
agents for cleaning grease.
In this experiment, you will test the effect of pH and exposure to a detergent on the
integrity of beet cell membranes. Plant cells contain a large central membrane-bound
vacuole called a
tonoplast
. In red beet cells, the tonoplast contains a bright red
pigment called betanin. If the beet cell tonoplast becomes damaged, betanin will leak
out into the surrounding medium. You will measure the relative amount of tonoplast
membrane damage caused by pH by observing the amount of betanin that has
leaked out from the beet cells.
In addition to betanin release, pay careful attention to the way the beet itself looks.
Note that at very high pH levels, the betanin itself may become "bleached" out.
Materials
1.
one red beet root
2.
eight test tubes
3.
test tube rack
4.
vinegar (strong acid)
5.
baking soda solution (strong base): dissolve ~1 tsp (5 ml) of soda in ½ cup
(125 ml) of water
6.
liquid dish detergent
7.
water
8.
pH test strips
9.
medicine droppers
X19A - Module 2
10. glass stirring rod (or long thin straight stirring utensil such as a chop stick)
11. glasses for mixing acid/base solutions
12. digital camera
Procedure
1.
Using a sharp knife or razor blade, cut eight uniform red beet root slices,
about 3/4" X 1/2" X 1/4" (2 cm X 1.0 cm X 0.5 cm). Try to make the slices as
uniform in size as possible.
2.
Place the slices in a kitchen glass and run cold tap water gently over them for
about 10 minutes to remove betanin released by cells damaged during the
sectioning procedure.
3.
Using your pH test strips, medicine droppers, vinegar and baking soda
solutions, and water, make up a series of different pH solutions: pH 3, pH 7,
and pH 9. Be sure not to mix up your droppers and to rinse them with water
after each use. It is also important to set up some sort of labeling system for
your solutions and test tubes. Transparent tape written over with magic
marker works well.
4.
Place one section of beet into each of the four test tubes labeled by pH (3, 7,
and 9). Add 10 ml (use calibrated markings etched into the side of the test
tube to measure) of the corresponding pH solution.
5.
Label four test tubes 1D, 2D, 3D, and 4D.
Add 10 ml water to each (check
that pH ~7) and then add using your medicine dropper, add 1 drop, 2 drops, 3
drops, and 4 drops of detergent to the correspondingly labeled test tube.
Using the glass stir rod (or similar thin straight utensil), stir very gently. Be
careful not to create bubbles. Gently place one section of beet into each of the
four detergent containing test tubes.
6.
Incubate all of the tubes at room temperature for at least 30 minutes.
7.
Gently shake each tube to equilibrate the released pigment in each one and
compare the intensity of color. Record your observations in the lab worksheet
results section, and take a digital photo of your results. (Note: Clean out and
save your test tubes, you will need them in later experiments.)
8.
Complete Part B of the lab#1 worksheet, and move on to Part C.
Part C. Wet Lab: Examining Differential Permeability and Osmosis
Introduction
In this exercise you will use dialysis tubing to simulate differential permeability of cell
membranes. Dialysis tubing is a synthetic material that contains pores of a
determined size. If a molecule placed in the tubing is larger than the pore size, it will
not leak out. You will make up a starch solution and place it in a sac made up of
dialysis tubing, which you will place in a glass containing an iodine solution.
Iodine in water is a pale yellow-amber color. In the presence of starch, it turns a
purple/black color. Thus, you can use the color of iodine to follow the movement of
iodine and starch in and out of the dialysis bag.
Materials
1.
dialysis tubing (3.5”X12”)
X19A - Module 2
2.
heat proof, clear glass container
3.
0.5 g cornstarch (¼ teaspoon)
4.
250 ml boiling water (~1 cup)
5.
one test tube
6.
iodine
7.
water
8.
a kitchen glass
9.
medicine dropper
10.
small rubber band
11.
water proof marking pen
12.
strong tape (duct tape)
13.
ruler
14.
digital camera
Procedure
Make the starch solution as follows:
1.
Place 250 ml (~ 1 cup) of water in a saucepan on the stove top and bring the
water to a gentle boil.
2.
Slowly add ~ 0.5 grams (¼ teaspoon) starch into the water & stir to create a
cloudy slurry. (be careful not to burn your-self from the steam. Use a long
wooden or plastic spoon to stir until the starch is completely dissolved in the
water.
3.
The solution should be
clear
, not
cloudy.
4.
Allow the solution to slowly cool to room temperature. Make sure your starch
solution is sufficiently dissolved.
5.
Do quick test of the starch by placing a drop of iodine on a paper plate and
adding one drop of starch to the iodine drop. It should turn a deep blue/purple
color.
Prepare the dialysis bag as follows:
a.
Soak the tubing (~in a glass of water until it is soft and pliable.
b.
Gently tie a tight knot at one end of the tube.
1.
Prepare a solution of iodine in a large kitchen glass by combining water and
just enough iodine to form a light-yellow solution. Set aside.
2.
Gently tease open the other end of the dialysis tubing and use the medicine
dropper to fill it 1/3 of the way (~4 inches) with the starch solution. Using a
rubber band, tightly secure the top of the starch-filled dialysis sac.
3.
To be sure no starch solution is on the outside of the dialysis membrane,
gently rinse off the outside of the bag by placing it briefly under lightly
running water.
4.
Hold the dialysis tube next to the ruler and record the height of the starch
solution that is inside the bag. Take a digital photo.
5.
With tape, secure the top of the bag to the outside lip of the large kitchen
glass containing the prepared iodine solution. Immerse the starch-filled
portion of the bag into the iodine solution.
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Direction: Read and analyze the following laboratory experiment and answer the
following question.
PART 1: SURFACE AREA AND CELL SIZE
Materials: Agar containing NaOH, and the pH-indicator dye phenolphthalein
cured into cubes of various size, 3 plastic cups, HCl, metric ruler, paper towels.
Methodology:
1. Safety: Wear goggles and nitrile gloves while completing this lab.
2. Obtain three different size blocks of pink or blue agar. Using a ruler,
measure the length, width, and height of the three blocks given below. Cut
the agar according to the given dimension.
Small = 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm
Medium = 2 cm x 2 cm x 2 cm
•
• Large = 1 cm x 1 cm x 6 cm
3. Record your data.
4.
Pour HCl or vinegar into two small cups. Place the one larger "cell" into one
cup and the two smaller cells in the other cup. Start timing 30 minutes.
5. After 30 minutes, remove the cells and blot them dry with a paper towel.
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SIS Grades
S WRLD LIT COMP 10A: S1 1(A)
districtIms.seattleschools.org/common-assessment-delivery/start/5398502362?action=
This cell is in a
v solution.
I know this bec
hypertonic
This cell will
isotonic
hypotonic
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Direction: Read and analyze the following laboratory experiment and answer the
following question.
PART 3: PLASMOLYSIS
Materials: safety goggles, red onion, dropper, slides & cover slips, tweezers/ forceps,
compound microscope, iodine, small knife, water, salt (5% and 10% solution)
Methodology:
1. With goggles on, carefully cut the onion into wedge shaped pieces using a knife.
2. Use an eye dropper to place a drop of water in the center of a microscope slide.
Use the tweezers to peel a thin layer of skin tissue from the thick part of the onion
wedge and place it in the center of the microscope slide.
3.
4.
5.
Add a drop of water and a drop of iodine over the onion tissue on the slide.
Carefully lower a cover glass slip at an angle on the stained tissue to allow air
bubbles to escape.
6.
Examine the prepared slide under the compound microscope at 100X
magnification.
7. Record what the cells look like.
8.
Prepare a 5% salt solution by adding 5 grams of salt (measure with balance) per
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pre-LAB 5 Diffusion/Osmosis and Protocol
A. Assign the terms below to the simplistic scenario: you put sugar (or coffee) in the water to make sweet water (or coffee drink).
Solution
• Solute
• Solvent.
B. Look up and define terms in your words -
o hypotonic
o hypertonic
o isotonic.
Protocol: BIO 101 Lab 5 Osmosis and Diffusion.pdf
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Observation of Microscopic Cellular Transport
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Answer the no. 3. Subject is Biology
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please help
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Answer the question please.
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Answer these questions.
1. What is the actual magnification of Cell X?
2. How has magnification of this number of times been achieved if the light microscope itself (used in taking the photograph) only magnifies 1500 times?
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100% water
Part D: Application
4% water
1. The paramecium (see Figure 3-1) is a single-celled organism. Go to the
web and look up this organism. Now select an answer from each blank.
H2O
(iso-, hypo-, or
nucleus
oral groove
Paramecia live in a(n)
hypertonic) environment. In this environment, the paramecium takes
in a lot of water through the process of
(osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport). In order
to get rid of this excess water, the paramecium has a specialized
organelle called the contractile vacuole that acts as a water pump
-contractile vacuole
to expel water through the process of
(osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion, or active transport).
FIGURE 3-1 Paramecium.
30
Anatomy and Physiology | Laboratory Manual
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A Cell Transport Study Guide
Amara Mohamad - Cell Transpo
A docs.google.com/presentation/d/1rTHSAC-61C2E8sLBESlplITDoyKOX5hXDpSNLDJ23TY/edit#slide-id.SLIDES API169621999 3
1 2
3
4 I 5
Hypertonic means that the environment
outside of the cell has a higher
concentration of solutes than the cell
itself. That will attract water molecules
from the cell leading to the shrinking of
the cell
water concentration is greater outside
the cell and the solute concentration is
higher inside the interior of the cell that
is hypertonic to the hypertonic
surroundings. The net flow of water is
into the cell
In an
conce
equal
is no
chang
place
will er
4. The tonicity of a solution is determined by the presence of solutes that (circle one) [ ca cannot ]easily pass the cell membrane.
5. In a HYPERTONIC solution, there is a (circle ore) ( higher | lower ] amount of solutes
ide
ecell relative
the inside of a cell.
6. In a HYPOTONIC solution, there is a (circle one) [ higher lower ] amount of solutes outside…
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Question:-
1. Mechanism of action of cytoplasm membrane inhibitors
antibiotics
2. Types of cytoplasm inhibitors medicines
3. Resistant strain emergence to cytoplasm membrane
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POTATO OSMOSIS (LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION)
MATERIALS:
Small basin
2 medium size potatoes (fresh)
Table salt
Sugar
Distilled water (Wilkins or H2Zero)
PROCEDURE:
A. POTATOES
Cut the potatoes to half, making 4 pcs of potatoes
Cook one of the half potatoes and set aside the 3 other potatoes
Label the cooked potato as letter
B. MAKING A CAVITY
Make a cavity of each half potato
Label the raw potato as A B and C
In potato A place salt on the cavity
In potato B place sugar in the cavity
Leave the potato C empty.
Place sugar on the cavity of potato D
C. POTATO OSMOSIS
- Place distilled water in the basin and arranged the potatoes inside the basin. Leave it for 1hr. Observe after an hour. Do not mind the color of the potato.
QUESTIONS:
1. What can you conclude by comparing potato A and potato D?
2. The liquid in the cavity of some potatoes came from where?
3. What is your conclusion about the experiment?
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POTATO OSMOSIS (LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION)
MATERIALS:
Small basin
2 medium size potatoes (fresh)
Table salt
Sugar
Distilled water (Wilkins or H2Zero)
PROCEDURE:
A. POTATOES
Cut the potatoes to half, making 4 pcs of potatoes
Cook one of the half potatoes and set aside the 3 other potatoes
Label the cooked potato as letter
B. MAKING A CAVITY
Make a cavity of each half potato
Label the raw potato as A B and C
In potato A place salt on the cavity
In potato B place sugar in the cavity
Leave the potato C empty.
Place sugar on the cavity of potato D
C. POTATO OSMOSIS
- Place distilled water in the basin and arranged the potatoes inside the basin. Leave it for 1hr. Observe after an hour. Do not mind the color of the potato.
QUESTIONS:
1. What is your observation from potato A to D?
2. What can you conclude by comparing potato A and potato B?
3. What can you conclude by comparing potato A and potato C?
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I.
On this table, show in diagram or illustration how cells behave in different
conditions
Hypotonic
Solution
2. Lysing
Hypertonic
solution
3.Shriveled
Type of cell
Isotonic
Solution
1. Normal cell
Animal cell
4. Flaccid
5. Turgid
|6. Plasmolyzed
Plant cell
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please answer the following question
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Question: Name Class Date Scientific Method Review
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Please answer fast
options:
1. cell water
cytoplasm
cytosol
plasma membrane
2.intercellular
extracellular
intracellular
hypocellular
3.solvent
solute
solution
4.solvent
solute
solution
5. A
B
C
6.A
B
C
7.
A
B
C
8. A
B
C
9. sugar
tea
temperature
water
10. polar or nonpolar
why?
it is neutrally charged
it is hydrophobic
it is ionized
it exclusively contains C and H atoms
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Multiple Choice
The apparatus shown was set up. Some hours
later, the water in the beaker had turned blue, and
the liquid in the glass tube had moved upwards.
Which processes caused these changes?
2 attachments
glass tube
Which processes caused these changes?
water turned
blue
liquid in glass
tube moved
upwards
sugar solution
and blue ink
pure water
A
osmosis
diffusion
partially
permeable
membrane
active transport
osmosis
diffusion
active transport
diffusion
osmosis
A
B
D
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carted: Oct 16 at 8:23am
Quiz Instructions
2 pts
Question 1
Which microscope would be best at observing the detailed internal
Tir
membrane structure of cells?
Att
34
O Transmission electron microscope
O Fluorescent microscope
O Scanning electron microscope
O Brightfield microscope
2 pts
Question 2
Which of the following does a prokarvotic cell not contain?
Desktop
82°F Sunn
99+
DELL
F12
PrtScr
Insert
F8
F9
F10
F11
F5
F6
F7
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Please written by computer source
1. We want two T-75 flasks, each with 200,000 cells in the flask that holds 20 mL of culture medium per flask. Hemocytometer counting of cells in a 1 mm sq2 area gave an average of 12 cells from a 1:9 dilution of the cell suspension.
a.) Determine the cells/mL.
b.) What is the volume of your cell suspension needed to make the flasks?
c.) How you would now make the flasks as a new subculture of cells for incubation?
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EXPERIMENT : CELL COUNTING FOR DETERMINING VIABLE CELL CONCENTRATION
Objectives:
To count adherent and suspension cell using hemocytometer.
To calculate viable cell concentration in a suspension.
Procedures:
Counting Viable Cells using Hemocytometer/Automated Cell Counter▪ Prepare the hemocytometer slide by cleaning the surface with 70% ethanol carefully (do not scratch the semi-silvered coating). Apply the same step for the coverslip. Wet the edges very lightly and press it down over the grooves and semi- silvered counting area.
▪ Collect 20 μl samples from the cell suspension using a pipettor and transfer it immediately to the edge of the hemocytometer chamber.
▪ Expel the suspension and allow it to be drawn under the coverslip by capillary force. Do not overfill the chamber. Blot off any surplus liquid and place the slide under the microscope.
▪ Alternatively, trypan blue dye can be used to stain cells by mixing an equal volume of trypan blue to a cell suspension (1:1) to…
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The cell membrane is permeable to water but not to ions.
Select all that apply.
Question options:
Beaker A is isotonic to the cell.
Some water in cell A is moving in and out of the cell.
There is a net movement of water into Cell B.
Beaker C is hypotonic to Cell C.
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answer please.
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Lab Procedure 3B: Identify specialized organelles - Chromoplast PROCEDURE:
1. Utilizing the tomato slide
2. Label the chromoplast.
What is the function of the chromoplast?
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Osmosis Lab
For each beaker with the shell-less egg, identify whether the solution inside was hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic in comparison to the control beaker.
water
corn syrup
corn syrup/water mixture
Control no solution
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Please answer the following questions below:
TOPIC: CELL COUNTING METHOD (Molecular biology and Biotechnology)
Why do you need to calculate for volume of media needed after computing the cells?
If you are provided with a cell sample, how will you be able to find out its concentration by using a hemocytometer?
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Question:-
2.In case of red algae why you grind the sample with water?
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e
0
10% sall
0
10% sall
The cell
SUMMARY
Water molecules
The solution inside the besker is:
N salt
The solution inside the cell is:
water
16 water
How will the water move? Into the cell or out of the cell
How will the movement of water affect the cell?
This is ain).
2013
1. How do isotonic solutions affect cell size?
2. How do hypotonic solutions affect cell size?
3. How do hypertonic solutions affect cell size?
solution
4. Describe a negative thing that could happen to a cell if its environment was too hypertonic
5. Describe a negative thing that could happen to a cell if its environment was too fivpotenc
INCAL
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Please help with this
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please help thank you so much
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question: 4. in the diagrams below, what type of solution is each cell?
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atory manual for the assigned exercises.
You are responsible for all &
parent cell had 46 chromosomes at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will each
and the subphases of mitosis)? What happens in each of these phases? What is cytokinesis? What
1. What is the cell cycle? What are the phases of the cell cycle (include the subphases of interphase
This study guide is to help you focus your efforts, not to substitute for studying the lab manual itself.
4. Know how to identify interphase and each phase of mitosis on an image of a microscope slide.
3. How many daughter cells are formed during mitosis? What is their genetic relationship? If the
You should know all of the terms in bold in your lab manual
Exercise 5 – The Cell Cycle and Mitosis.
is the Go phase? Give an example of a cell that enters the Ga nhà
2. Why is mitosis necessary?
daughter cell have after cytokinesis?
You should know how to do this for both Ascaris and whitefish blastula
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14.
Desmosomes __________________________________.
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