Ashley Paulino Chapter 16 Worksheet

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Dec 6, 2023

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Biology Chapter 16 Worksheet 1. define plant: a eukaryotic multicellular organism that obtains its energy from photosynthesis 2. animals and fungi are eukaryotic multicellular organisms but not __plants__________ 3. Algae lack __roots__and_ chloroplast_____ and are classified as protists. 4. Algae are not equipped to obtain carbon dioxide need for _photosynthesis__. 5. Algae acquire carbon dioxide and minerals by what process? diffusion 6. For plants those resources are found in the _ground____ and the __air___. 7. Plants contain subterranean organs called __bulbs or tubers_____ 8. They also contain above ground shoots that contain leaves that are __made up of two layers 9. Roots typically branch into long threads to increase __surface area____ 10. The increase in this is for the purpose of maximizing contact with? water 11. Most plants have symbiotic relationship______ association with their roots. 12. The combination of these two are called _ endomycorrhizae__________ 13. The purpose of this symbiotic relationship is to? Provide minerals and water to the plant in exchange for sugars produced by photosynthesis 14. These symbiotic relationships made it possible for plants to live on _land instead of water______ 15. The main photosynthetic organs of most plants are? leaves 16. The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the air and the plant occurs in the interior _parenchyma___ 17. The leaves have microscopic _ stomata ___ in their surfaces. 18. The waxy layer is the _ cuticle__. 19. The purpose of the waxy layer is to help the plant resist water loss. . _. 20. The transportation of vital materials between roots and shoots is the __translocation_____ 21. The two types, one transports water and minerals from the roots to the __leaves_______ 22. The other one distributes sugars from the leaves to the _rest of the plant_. And other non- photosynthetic parts of the plant. 23. The cell walls of many of the cells in the vascular tissue are hardened by _lignin__ 24. This tissue that is hardened is also known as _secondary phloem____ 25. Reproduction for algae what keeps the gametes moist? via a water environment that provides a means of dispersing them and their offspring 26. The water environment provides a means of _dispersing___ the gametes and offspring.

27. Plants must keep gametes and offspring from drying out in the _air____ 28. Plants produce gametes in a structure that allows gametes to develop without _moisture loss__. 29. Plants keep the eggs in tissues and they are also _albumen___ there. 30. In the female plant the zygote develops into an _zygote___ while still in the plant. 31. In some plants sperm travels through the _sperm tube_________. 32. algae carpeted most fringes of lakes and coastal marshes. The occasional drying and natural selection lead to accumulated _accumulated sediments_____. 33. This allowed them to live above __water_______ 34. Plants and present day __algae______ evolved from a common ancestor. Briefly describe the 4 periods of plant evolution: Period 1. 35. Algae to nonvascular plants called _bryophytes____. 36. No true roots, lignin or _xylem______ 37. Mostly _ferns and club mosses_______ 38. Gametes and embryos were protected by growing in a tight _thallus__ holding each other up. Period 2 39. diversification of plants with _ the appearance of flowers that led to pollination and seed dispersal____ 40. Hardened with _wood____ allowed them to grow taller. 41. They lacked vascular tissue___. 42. A modern day example are the _ trees we see today that have developed vascular tissue and are able to grow tall_ Period 3 43. began with the origin of the _land plants____ 44. These further protected embryos and from _harsh conditions___ and other hazards 45. It consisted of an embryo packaged with a storage of __food_____ in a protective covering. 46. These plants gave rise to the _gymnosperms_____ or “naked seeds”. 47. The most widespread and diverse are the _gymnosperms___ mainly of cone-bearing trees. Period 4 48. The emergence of flower points or _carpels_____ “containing seeds”

49. The _ovary__ is a complex reproductive structure that bears seeds with in protective chambers called ovaries. 50. The majority of plants are these including all our _angiosperms____ and vegetable crops, grains, grasses and most trees. 51. The four major groups of modern plants: a. Gymnosperms b. Pteridophytes c. Bryophytes d. Anthophyta 52. The two types of terrestrial adaptions of bryophytes a. Rhizoids anchor mosses to soil; Bryophytes lack true roots b. Bryophytes have leaves that are usually flat 53. Why do mosses need water to reproduce? A moss must have water to reproduce because it lacks a vascular system that carries water from soil to other parts of the plant 54. They lack what that carries water from soil to other parts of the plant? xylem 55. The green sponge-like plant: mosses 56. Growing out with a stalk with a capsule at its tip _ archegonium______ 57. Gametophytes produce zygote________ 58. sporophytes produce _ spores__________ 59. What is the difference in how these two reproduce? In gametophytes, both male and female gametes develop inside archegonia (the female one), while in sporophyte generation, only male gametes develop in antheridia and female ones in archegonia (the male one). 60. The gametophytes and sporophytes take turns reproducing called _alteration___ of _generations__ 61. Gametes join to form a _zygote_____ 62. These develop into new _sporophytes_____ 63. Sporophytes produce spores that give rise to new __gametophytes_______ 64. What are by far the most diverse seedless vascular plants? ferns 65. The sperm of ferns have a _flagella____to swim through water to fertilize eggs.

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66. The ancient ferns and seedless plants formed vast swampy tropic forests that fell into stagnant wetlands but did not decay completely. Seawater flooded the swamps, marine sediments covered the organic matter, pressure and heat gradually converted them to _coal___ 67. Fossil fuels are formed from? decomposed plant and animal matter that has been buried in sedimentary rock for millions of years. 68. Of the earliest seed plants the most successful were the _ gymnosperms___________ 69. Nearly all conifers are _ evergreens_____ that retain leaves throughout the year. 70. The needle shaped leaves are adapted to survive _in cold climates____ Compared to ferns most gymnosperms have three additional adaptations that make survival in diverse terrestrial habitats possible: 71. They produce seeds enclosed in a protective covering called an ovary; these structures protect embryos from harsh conditions like drought or cold weather until they can germinate into new plants 72. needles protect against cold temperatures and wind exposure 73. They have dormant buds beneath their bark which can sprout new shoots if conditions become too harsh for existing stems; this helps them grow taller than ferns which don't have. 74. conifers are sporophytes with tiny _male gamophytes_______ living in its cones 75. A pollen grain is actually the much-reduced male ___ gametophytes____ that houses cells that develop into sperm. 76. What is pollination? when pollen is transferred from one flower to another through the action of wind or animals (like bees). 77. Seeds develop from __ovules_________ 78. In conifers these are located on the __ inner surface____ of female cones. 79. Flowers are the site of procreation and attract go-betweens __bees__ and _butterflies_ that transfer pollen form flower to another. 80. Angiosperms rarely rely on _wind____ to spread pollen. 81. The outer layer of a flower _ calyx___ 82. The next layer _ corolla__ 83. The inner structures attract pollinators, male part. 84. Pollen grains develop in the _ anthers________ 85. The female part is the _ pistil_______ 86. The sticky tip is the _ stigma____

87. What is a fruit? A ripened ovary containing the seeds, often brightly colored and fleshy with sweet juice or pulp 88. What part is the part we eat? The pericarp and seed coat 89. Fruits protect and help __ disperse _____ the seeds. 90. Angiosperms supply most of our? food and fiber 91. Tropical forest is being replaced with? pastureland for cattle grazing 92. These are eukaryotes multicellular with body structures and modes of reproduction unlike any other organisms. 93. Ecosystems would collapse if there were no fungi to do what? Break down dead plant material into soil nutrients so they can be used by other plants to grow new ones 94. They recycle what and where does it go? They recycle carbon dioxide into oxygen gas so it can be released back into atmosphere again (soil) 95. Example that we eat? mushrooms 96. It is cultured to produce _ beer & wine______ 97. Most fungi are made of thread-like filaments called _ hyphae surrounded by a cell wall & cell membrane.__ 98. They are minute threads of _cellulose____ surrounded by a __cell____ _wall. 99. Cell walls are usually built of _ chitin and cellulose.________ 100. In many fungi cell to cell channels allow _water______, __nutrients_, and _wastes___ to flow between cells. 101. Hyphae branch forming an interwoven network called a _mycelium____ 102. This is the vegetative____ structure of the fungus. 103. Where are these structures located? the tips of the hyphae 104. Fungus reproduce by dispersing? spores through air or water. 105. These are carried by ? air currents, water movement, animals' feet or fur, wind-blown dust particles —even some fungi can swim. 106. The germinate to form __ hyphae__if they land in a moist place 107. Fungi and bacterial are the principal __ decomposers in nature__________ 108. Without them what would accumulate in nonliving organic matter? nonliving organic matter would accumulate in the environment and all plants and animals would die 109. Plants and animals would _die___ without that decomposed organic matter.

110. Define parasitism: a relationship between two organisms where one organism benefits and the other is harmed.

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