Case Study #1

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Dec 6, 2023

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Anna Nguyen Specific Topics Microbiology, Section 1 27 February 27, 2022 Case Study #1 Reflection A particular pathogen rapidly spread within the city of Bogart, Iowa which has attracted a lot of attention within the scientific community. Many of the common symptoms, such as a fever, headache, muscle pain or body ache, shortness of breath were all clear signs of influenza. The virus is highly contagious, and it transmitted through droplets from the cough or sneeze. In addition, the virus can also spread through an individual touching their eyes, mouth, or nose after touching an object that was previously touched by someone who is infected. In a span of one week, more than 50,000 individuals were affected which narrows down influenza type A. Because the city is dependent on natural commerce to thrive, livestock is especially important. Pigs were linked to being the immediate hosts of this virus (Niaid). In addition, this would indicate that this epidemic was caused by Swine Influenza. Besides shortness of breath, cough and colored mucus production are also clear signs of this respiratory disease. Influenza specimen collections were conducted to find if people in the community were infected. Furthermore, several swabs were done such as the nasopharyngeal swab and deep nasal swab to test for infected individuals (CDC). Due to comfortability, children and older adults preferred nasal and throat swabs. In turn, this method was inconsistent which may have affected test results. Although influenza is a type of viral pathogen, patients that are infected are more susceptible to secondary infections which is why physicians prescribed both antiviral medications and prophylactic antimicrobials (Hanada, S, et al). Although symptoms are similar,

the two pathogens’ mechanisms are very distinct which should be established to each patient who was infected. Viruses cannot “die off”, but symptomatic individuals can be treated against viruses by taking vaccinations. On the other hand, bacteria can be eliminated when taking antibiotics. In this study, there were more cases of individuals because there were medications prescribed or administered at the wrong time the individual was infected. The pathogen thrives in livestock, and particularly has the capability to create an antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics (Mencia-Ares, et al). Antibiotic resistance should be a major public concern because bacterial pathogens can develop mechanisms such as mutation or horizontal gene transfer so that it is able to survive against antibiotics that lab scientists create. Therefore, it is especially important for patients to complete their antibiotics that they are prescribed by their doctors even if they do not experience symptoms, because bacterial pathogens have adapted against the antibiotics administered. Because there is transmission through manure or feces, there should be regular check-in or policies implemented to maintain an environment that these bacteria cannot thrive in within these farms. Each microbiome is interconnected with each other. The severity of an infection in one microbiome will affect surrounding organs and will influence an individual’s natural immunity to the pathogen. For example, a smoker’s lungs will not be the only thing that is affected by the nicotine consumption, but also it is evident that their oral cavity changes as well (DentalHealthOrg). H. influenza causes pneumonia which targets the lung microbiome. C. difficile affects the colon which causes diarrhea. This is within the gut microbiome. H. influenza is treated through oral antibiotics to aid with infection and symptoms.

Annotated Bibliography Hanada, S., Pirzadeh, M., Carver, K. & Deng, J. C. (0001, January 1). Respiratory viral infection-induced microbiome alterations and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Frontiers. Retrieved February 27, 2022, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02640/full This article discusses the prevalence of viral infection and susceptibility to secondary bacterial infections, particularly bacterial pneumonia. This relates to this case study as infected individuals and their symptoms relate to bacterial infection within the lungs. Niaid. (2011, December 05). Antigenic shift of the flu virus. Retrieved February 27, 2022, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/niaid/6460388845 This is an image provided by the Niaid. It provides a visual representation of how a pathogen is spread and transmitted through several hosts. This relates to this case study as the community relies on livestock commerce. Flu specimen collection poster - centers for disease ... (n.d.). Retrieved February 27, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pdf/professionals/flu-specimen-collection-poster.pdf This is an image provided by the CDC. It describes several methods that was implemented to collect specimens or swabs. It relates to this case study, because these methods ultimately caused a greater number of infected individuals. Mencia-Ares, O., Cabrera-Rubio, R., Cobo-Diaz, J., &Alvarez-Ordonez, A., Gomez- Garcia, M., Puente, H., Arguello, H. (2020, November 19). Antimicrobial use and production system shape the fecal, environmental, and slurry resistomes of pig farms - microbiome.

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Retrieved February 27, 2022, from https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-020-00941-7 This is an article that discusses antibacterial resistance and how it is affected within pig farms. This is important because pigs were the prime source of transmission of this pathogen in this case study. Dentalhealthorg. (n.d.). Smoking and oral health. Retrieved February 28, 2022, from https://www.dentalhealth.org/smoking-and-oral-health This is a website that discusses the affect of smoking and oral health within individuals. It touches the topic between the link of oral and respiratory microbiomes.

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