BIO151 Lab #11 Exercise-23

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Delaware County Community College *

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151

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Biology

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Dec 6, 2023

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BIO51 Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Urinary System 2023-2024 Lab #11 Urinary System Objectives: • Understand specific gravity and identify normal specific gravity values for urine • Learn to use a urine hydrometer to measure specific gravity • Define specific gravity and identify normal specific gravity values • Learn to use Urispec strips and analyze results • Identify various urine sediments observed from micrographs & posters • Observe slide of kidney and identify specific structures • Determine possible diseases / dietary causes / drugs for unknown urine samples using descriptive tables • Identify structures on male and female pelvis models Equipment: Gloves, safety glasses/goggles, & proper shoes are required I. Urinalysis Techniques Introduction A routine urinalysis consists of diagnostic tests used to assess urine compositon. There are three categories of tests that can be performed on a urine sample: direct observation, chemical analysis, and microscopic examination of urine sediments. Terms to know: Turbidity: visual quality based on clarity of solution. A cloudy (turbid) appearance indicates abnormal urine contents such as protein, salts, cells and cellular contents Specific gravity: density of a fluid as compared to distilled water; can be used as an indicator for osmolarity of the fluid. Note that specific gravity is a comparative number and therefore has no unit associated with it Urine sediment: microscopic solids that collects at the bottom of a centrifuged urine sample; includes normal and abnormal urine components Table 1. Normal Urine Characteristics Color Light yellow to dark golden yellow Turbidity Clear pH range 4.5 - 8 Specific gravity 1.010 -1.025 Sediments Epithelial cells, hyaline casts, crystals, mucous threads, bacteria Solutes (~5%) Electrolytes, urea, uric acid, creatinine, hormones Very small amounts of protein, glucose, bilirubin, ketones

BIO51 Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Urinary System 2023-2024 Table 2. Abnormal Urine Color and Possible Causes Urine Color Diet Drugs Disease Clear to light yellow Alcohol Phosphate, carbonate Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus Yellow orange to dark green Carrots Antibiotics Bilirubin from obstructive jaundice Red to red brown Beets Laxatives Hemoglobin and urine Smoky red Beets Anticonvulsants Unhemolyzed red blood cells from urinary tract Dark wine Beets Anti-inflammatory drugs Hemolytic jaundice Brown black Rhubarb Antidepressants Melanin pigment from melanoma Brown Rhubarb Barbiturates Anemia or liver infections Green Green food dye Diuretics Bacterial infection Table 3. Abnormal Urinalysis Results and Possible Causes Urinalysis Test Results Possible Dietary Cause Possible Disease Cause Low pH ( < 4.5) High protein diet, cranberry juice Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus High pH ( > 8.0) Diet rich in vegetables, dairy products Severe anemia Low specific gravity ( < 1.010) Increased fluid intake Severe renal damage High specific gravity ( > 1.025) Decreased fluid intake, loss of fluids Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, severe anemia Glucose present Large meal consumed Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus Protein present High protein diet Severe anemia II. Observation and chemical analysis Materials • Control urine samples Normal High glucose High protein • Unknown urine samples A B • Test tubes • Urispec 11-way strips • Graduated cylinder (10 ml) • Wax pencil

BIO51 Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Urinary System 2023-2024 Methods (Wear safety glasses, gloves, aprons) 1. Place 10 ml of the normal urine sample into a test tube. 2. Observe the color and turbidity of the normal urine sample. Record your observations in Table 4. 3. Obtain a Urispec test strip. Completely immerse the test strip in the urine for approximately one second. 4. Remove the strip and draw it across the rim of the test tube to remove excess urine, then place it on a paper towel. Be sure to hold the strip in a horizontal position to prevent mixing of chemicals from one area of the strip to another. 5. After 30 seconds, compare the test strip with the color scale on the Urispec bottle. (Note: color changes that take place after 2 minutes are of no significance.) Record your results for the following in Table 4. a. pH b.glucose c. protein d.ketones e. bilirubin 6. Repeat steps 1 – 5 for the high glucose and high protein urine samples as well as Unknown A and Unknown B urine samples. Record your results in Table 4. III. Specific gravity determination Materials • Urine hydrometer and jar (Figure 1) • Approximately 35-50 ml of each of the following (in labeled beaker). The volume depends on the size of your jar, ask instructor o Normal urine sample o Low urine sample o High urine sample • Graduated cylinder (50 ml) • 3-50 ml beakers, labeled Methods (Wear safety attire) 1. The hydrometer is calibrated to give a reading of 1.000 for distilled water. Because the hydrometer is sensitive to temperature, the accuracy of the instrument must be checked prior to use. To check the accuracy, fill the jar 35 ml of distilled water, place the hydrometer in the jar so that it is not touching the sides and spin it lightly. When the hydrometer comes to rest, read the level Hydrometer Jar Figure 1. Urine hydrometer.

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