Central Dogma Worksheet_ErinSylvester

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101

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Biology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Problem Set on Central Dogma 1. The central dogma of molecular biology refers to the process of gene expression. Write the definition of gene expression in your own words. genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein For #2, go to the Central Dogma and Genetic Medicine Click & Learn site and Launch the Interactive. 2. Scroll through the interactive and fill in the information below. Gene Expression Steps Molecules Involved What molecules and proteins are involved in this step? Summary What happens during this step? Transcription RNA Polymerase DNA An enzyme called RNA polymerase transcribes gene DNA into an RNA transcript with a complementary sequence RNA Splicing Spliceosome Introns Exons mRNA The RNA transcript gets edited through splicing. Protein complex spliceosome trims out introns and splices together exons to produce mRNA mRNA Transport mRNA nucleus cytoplasm mRNA gets transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm Translation Ribosomal RNA mRNA ammino acids tRNA polypeptide The ribosome translates the mRNA code into the amino acids. Each amino acid is brought to the ribosome by tRNA and added to the growing polypeptide chain Protein Processing Polypeptide chain The complete polypeptide chain is folded and assembled into a 3d functional protein. The process takes place in the cytoplasm or in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi system 3. Now for some numbers… a. How many different types of nucleotides are found in RNA? 4 b. How many different types of amino acids are found in proteins? 20 1
c. How many nucleotides are needed to code for a single amino acid? 3 d. How many different codons are there in the genetic code? 64 e. How many codons code for amino acids? 61 4. Myoglobin is 153 amino acids long. a. What would be the minimum number of nucleotides required to encode myoglobin? 462 b. Why might the size of the myoglobin primary RNA transcript be larger than your answer above? Because the primary transcript has large introns which are removed before the mRNA is used for translation of myoglobin. 5. Use the genetic code to identify which of the following nucleotide sequences would code for the polypeptide sequence arginine glycine aspartate: a. 5’ AGAGGAGAU 3’ b. 5’ ACACCCACU 3’ c. 5’ GGGAAAUUU 3’ d. 5’ CGGGGUGAC 3’ Sequences a and d both code for the peptide Arg Gly Asp. Different nucleotide sequences can encode the same amino acid sequence. Based on the genetic code and the sequences provided, sequences a and d both code for the polypeptide sequence Arg-Gly-Asp. So, the correct answer is both sequences a and d. 6. Explain why if you are given a protein sequence, you cannot predict the exact RNA sequence that was used by the cell to generate that sequence. Because there's more than one codon that can specify most amino acids, therefore you never know which one was used for a particular protein, unless you can look at the DNA or RNA sequence. 2
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