ModuleSevenLessonTwoNotesOutline

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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Biology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Module Seven Lesson Two Notes Outline Student Name: Emilee Introduction 5 pts Write a brief (2-3 sentences) response to DNA evidence supported or did not support Sheppard’s account of the crime. The DNA evidence collected after Sam Sheppard was found guilty actually revealed that it was very likely that another person was the real criminal. But by the time the DNA was collected Sheppard had already passed away. Vocabulary 15 pts Using the directions in the course, create your vocabulary review below for the following terms: DNA polymerase, CODIS, PCR, allele, STR, restriction enzyme, mitochondrial DNA, RFLP, primers, gene, chromosome, DNA, enzyme, protein, NDIS, electrophoresis DNA polymerase- They studied the DNA polymerase to see the copies of DNA that it made. CODIS- Many DNA samples are kept in CODIS (combined DNA index system). PCR- PCRs (polymerase chain reactions) are used to make more copies of DNA. Allele- The investigators compared the alleles from the different DNA samples. STR- STR (short tandem repeats) involve repetitive units of 1-6 bp. Restriction enzyme- One example of a restriction enzyme is a small. Mitochondrial DNA- mitochondrial DNA only comes from the mother. RFLP- They used RFLP to cut the DNA samples into smaller pieces based on size. Primers- In the lab they found primers used in the research of the case. Gene- You inherit genes from your mom and dad. Chromosome- Studying chromosomes can help you determine muscular strength and velocity. DNA- The DNA proved that the suspect was in fact not guilty. Enzyme- One example of an enzyme is an amylase. Protein- examples or proteins include enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. NDIS- The FBI created the NDIS to keep track of DNA on a national scale. Electrophoresis- agarose gels are used to separate DNA fragments during electrophoresis.

Lesson Notes 50 pts Using the directions in the course, create your notes for each big idea below: Big Idea 1: DNA is a chemical found in the cell that has a specific structure and codes for traits. ● DNA is made of two chains of nucleotides with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. ● These chains link together to form a bigger one with hydrogen bonds in between the nitrogen bases. ● DNA is a double helix molecule made up of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has 3 parts, including a phosphate group, a sugar group, and a nitrogenous base. Big Idea 2: There are many potential forensic uses of DNA Fingerprinting. ● Paternity testing, criminal investigations, identifying victims/criminals can all be done with DNA fingerprinting. ● Using laboratory techniques you can determine the probable identity of a person using nucleotides sequences. ● DNA fingerprinting could also aid in research related to cures for diseases. ● Generally it's used to connect details such as eye color and freckles to those related to a case. Big Idea 3:DNA detection, collection, and processing are important in ensuring DNA is not contaminated and that the DNA can be copied for testing. ● Improper collection of DNA can lead to the damaging of important forensic evidence. ● Evidence could be lost if the people in charge do not properly ensure that the evidence is transported safely, bringing back the importance of a Chain of Custody. ● If DNA is not detected/completely detected it could lead to missing information that may have been very useful in solving a case. ● The processing of DNA also plays a very big role in forensic

evidence. Mistakes can lead to misidentification, and could jeopardize an innocent person's life. Big Idea 4: Creating a DNA Fingerprint visualizes the DNA characteristics using RFLP and STR. The results can be used in a forensic database. ● RFLP- after the DNA is cut, the pieces are loaded into a gel electrophoresis machine, and the pieces are separated by size. ● STR- Compares DNA from samples to evidence found at the scene. ● Using these techniques, DNA can be separated into smaller pieces that can be analyzed and contrasted with other samples. ● These DNA samples are later added into a forensic database such as the NDIS. Big Idea 5: The process of DNA Fingerprinting can be modeled outside of the lab to develop a better understanding of the process. ● Different experiments and programs can help you develop a deeper understanding of DNA fingerprinting. Using DNA ancestry sites and observing the analytics could be one example! Reflection 5 pts Write 2-5 sentences reflecting on what you have learned in this lesson. Your reflection may include: connections to other classes or content within this class, connections of the material to your life, questions you have after learning this content, or thoughts/ideas/comments you had in response to this learning. I learned more about the varying processes that can be used in DNA fingerprinting, as well as how each one is done. I also learned more terms and acronyms that are common when talking about DNA fingerprinting. Presentation Screenshot(s) 20 pts Paste your screenshot(s) of any quizzes or scored interactive work in the presentation below.

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