Understanding the Anatomy and Function of the Heart

The Lower Extremity II 0 BIO 446L Human Microscopic & Gross Anatomy Laboratory Manual Fall 2023 Visible Body Team Soroosh Sadeh, M.S. Supplies and Equipment: All students must wear long pants and closed toe shoes in lab. Please do NOT bring FOOD OR DRINK into lab.

The Lower Extremity II 1 Lab 9: The Circulatory System Objectives: 1. Be familiar with the gross anatomy of the heart and major arteries and veins that enter and leave the heart. 2. Be familiar with the systemic, pulmonary and coronary circulation with major coronary arteries and veins. 3. Know the four major chambers of the heart with their unique features, wall thickness, etc. 4. Be familiar with the main valves of the heart with their unique features. 5. Be familiar with the heart valves, their function and location. 6. Know the electrical conducting system of the heart. 7. Be familiar with the fibrous skeleton of the heart. 8. Be able to identify the major structures of the real pig heart. 9. Be able to identify the structures of the heart on a heart model and on a real heart.

The Lower Extremity II 2 Section: The heart Resources to use:  Visible Body Anatomy and Physiology App.  Heart models in the lab. Introduction: Cardiovascular System Overview  The cardiovascular system is a series of hollow pipes or tubes (the blood vessels) filled with fluid (the blood) and connected to a pump (the heart). The contraction of the heart muscle generates pressure that propels the blood through the blood vessels. The blood picks up both oxygen at the site of the lungs and nutrients at the site of the intestines and delivers these substances to the body’s cells. At the same time, cellular wastes are picked up for excretion. The cardiovascular system also plays an important role in cell-to-cell communication, distributing chemical messengers to cells throughout the body.  The blood is composed of formed elements (cells and platelets) and plasma (the watery component of blood). The vasculature consists of blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart, the arteries and arterioles , and blood vessels that carry blood to the heart, the veins and venules . The arterioles and venules are connected by beds of capillaries , the smallest vessels in the cardiovascular system.  Capillaries are barely large enough to allow the movement of red blood cells through them. Capillaries, with their porous walls, are the site of gas exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid that directly bathes the cells of the body. The arterioles, capillaries and venules, collectively form the microcirculation.  The heart is essentially a structure composed of two separate pumps with the right heart pumping blood to the lungs ( pulmonary circuit ) and the left heart pumping blood to the rest of the body and back to the right heart ( systemic circuit ). The coronary circuit , the blood supply to the heart muscle itself, is the shortest circulation circuit in the body. The arterial supply of the coronary circulation is provided by the right and left coronary arteries , both arising at the base of the aorta and then branching and encircling the heart.  To palpate your beating heart, press your fingers between the fifth and sixth ribs just below your left nipple. This is where the apex of the heart comes into contact with the chest wall.  **Note: You are responsible to identify all of the structures you learn in the following activities on the heart model on your table. Also, use the torso models in the lab to see the placement of the heart in regard to other organs. Activity 1: Anatomy of the heart  View modules 29.2, 29.3, 29.4 (Heart anatomy) and answer the following questions. o In each exercise, click on “heart” in the left-hand toolbar, then select “fade others ”  What is the location of the heart in reference to the diaphragm?  What is the location of the heart in reference to the right and left lungs? Which lung experiences

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The Lower Extremity II 3 the greatest displacement due to the location of the heart and why?  What is the placement of the heart in relation to the trachea?  What is the placement of the heart in relation to the esophagus?  Why does the thoracic cage surround the heart and lungs? Activity 2: Coronary circulation  View module 29.18 (Coronary Circulation) and 29.19, 29.20, 29.21 (Coronary Arteries and Veins) to label the following image, identify the structures in this activity and summarize their functions:  Coronary arteries:  Coronary veins:  Ascending aorta:  Right atrium:  Coronary sinus: The coronary sinus is a convergence of coronary veins which drains directly into the _____.  Coronary Arteries: Do the coronary arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?  Left coronary artery:  Anterior interventricular branch: What does the term “interventricular” indicate about this vessel’s location?  Right coronary artery:  Posterior interventricular branch:  Atrial branch:  Branch to the sinoatrial node: Activity 3: Chambers of the heart  View module 29.8 and 29.9 (Chambers of the Heart) to answer the following questions.  What is the purpose of the atrial septum?  Which atrium is the largest?  Which atrium has the thickest walls?  Fill in the blanks:

The Lower Extremity II 4 o The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the _______ and the _______ and empties into the _______ . The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the _______ and empties into the _______ . o The right ventricle receives blood from the _______ and is responsible for pumping deoxygenated blood into the _______ through the _______ valve. o The left ventricle receives blood from the _______ and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood into the _______ through the _______ valve.  Which ventricle has the thickest walls and Why?  Which ventricle forms the apex of the heart?  Is the blood pumped by the right atrium oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?  Blood leaving the left atrium flows through systemic arteries with the purpose of _______ Review your answers with your group mates and your TAs. Activity 4: Valves of the heart  View module 29.8 - 29.13 (Chambers of the Heart) to label the following image and answer the following questions.  What is the alternate name for the right atrioventricular (AV) valve? What does this name signify?  Blood passes through the right AV valve as it moves from the _______ to the _______ . o Is the blood passing through the right AV valve oxygenated or deoxygenated?  What is the alternate name for the left atrioventricular (AV) valve? o Blood passes through the left AV valve as it moves from the _______ to the _______.

The Lower Extremity II 5 o Is the blood that passes through the left AV valve oxygenated or deoxygenated?  Blood passes through the pulmonary valve as it moves from the _______ to the _______ o Is the blood that passes through the pulmonary valve oxygenated or deoxygenated?  Blood passes through the aortic valve as it moves from the _______ to the _______ . o Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?  Based on your reading and on content from the video, what is the purpose of the four heart valves? Activity 5: Heart Internal Anatomy  View module 29.14 (Heart Internal Anatomy) to answer the following questions.  What is the interventricular (ventricular) septum?  Which heart chamber contains the moderator band?  Which heart chambers contain papillary muscles?  During contraction, the papillary muscles pull on long, fibrous structures known as:  What do these chordae tendineae prevent? Activity 6: Types of circulation  View module 30.10 - 30.17 to answer the following questions.  Pulmonary circulation delivers _______ blood from the _______ to the _______ and _______ from the _______ to the _______ .  Systemic circulation delivers _______ blood from the _______ to the _______ and _______ from the _______ to the _______ .  The pulmonary trunk is _______ (directional term) to the aorta.  The pulmonary trunk receives _______ blood from the _______ .  The right and left pulmonary arteries convey _______ blood from the _______ to the _______ for gas exchange.  The pulmonary veins return _______ blood from the lungs to the _______ for distribution via systemic circulation to the rest of the body.  The trachea and the bronchi are anterior/posterior to the heart pulmonary vessels:  The inferior vena cava returns _______ blood to the _______ (name a specific heart chamber).  The superior vena cava returns _______ blood to the _______ (name a specific heart chamber).

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The Lower Extremity II 6  From earlier material, which chamber does the coronary sinus return blood to?  The aorta is the largest artery in the body.  The aortic arch receives _______ blood from the _______ traveling through the _______ valve.  List the three arterial branches of the aortic arch:  The aortic arch is renamed the descending aorta as it passes the _______ .  The region of the descending aorta that supplies blood to the thorax and the abdomen is the _______ .  The thoracic aorta continues as the _______ and functions as the main trunk supplying the abdomen. Review your answers with your group mates and your TAs. Activity 7: Labeling of the heart model  Using the heart model provided to you, please put the correct number beside each of the structures written in the word bank.  Word Bank: Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Right Coronary Artery Left Interventricular Coronary Artery Great Cardiac Vein Circumflex Artery Superior Vena Cava Pulmonary Trunk Aorta Pulmonary Veins Figure 1.

The Lower Extremity II 7

The Lower Extremity II 8  Word Bank: Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Right Coronary Artery Circumflex Artery Pulmonary Trunk Trabeculae carneae (muscle tissue) Chordae tendineae Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary semi-lunar valve Tricuspid AV valve Figure 2.  Word Bank: Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Interventricular coronary artery Great cardiac vein Pulmonary Trunk Trabeculae carneae Pulmonary Veins Pectinate muscles Papillary muscle Aortic semi-lunar valve Bicuspid/Mitral AV valve Interventricular septum Figure 3. Review your answers with your group mates and your TAs.

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The Lower Extremity II 9 Activity 8: Conducting system of the heart  Will the heart continue to beat if all nerves to it are cut?  What nerve makes your heart rate increase? decrease?  What is the conducting system of the heart? TA talking point  What allows the conducting system to travel through the heart without depolarizing the adjacent myocardium? Activity 9: Fibrous skeleton of the heart  What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart? What is the significance of this structure? TA talking point Activity 10: Review  View the video in module 29.26 (Cardiac Cycle) and fill in the blanks using information obtained in the earlier parts of the lab exercise.  While the right atrium is relaxed, it will fill with _______ blood from which three structures associated with the systemic circuit?  As the right atrium contracts, it will propel this blood through the open _______ valve and into the _______ (heart chamber). As this heart chamber fills, rising pressure will cause the right AV valve to op en/close , while the pulmonary valve will open/close .  Blood passing through the open pulmonary valve will enter the pulmonary trunk/aorta and pass through the right and left pulmonary arteries/veins on its way to the lungs.  Gas exchange will occur in the lungs, allowing _______ blood to return to the heart. This cycle of circulation is known as _______ circulation.  Blood will return to the heart through the pulmonary arterie s/veins.  These pulmonary veins will empty _______ blood into the right atrium/ left atrium .  As the left atrium contracts, blood will be propelled through the open _______ valve and into the _______ (heart chamber). As this heart chamber fills, rising pressure will cause the left AV valve to open/close, while the aortic semilunar valve will open/close .  Blood passing through the open aortic valve will enter the _______ on its way to supplying body tissues. This is the beginning of what is known as _______ circulation. Review your answers with your group mates and your TAs.

The Lower Extremity II 10 Section: The Pig Heart Dissection Group Activity: Pig heart dissection  Your TAs will play the following video during this activity and guide you through the dissection step by step. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN7aVXEkFzg

The Lower Extremity II 11 Labeling Activity: Labeling of the real heart  Label the following images through the knowledge you gained from dissecting the pig heart.  Word Bank: Apex Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Left Anterior Interventricular Coronary Artery Pulmonary Trunk Figure 1. Anterior View of the Heart  Word Bank: Apex Base Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Posterior Interventricular Coronary Arter Figure 2. Posterior View of the Heart

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The Lower Extremity II 12  Word Bank: Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Bicuspid/Mitral AV valve Tricuspid AV valve Chordae tendinea Papillary muscles Trabeculae carneae Interventricular septum Figure 3. Coronal Section End of Lab 9, Great Job! ?

Lab_9_The_Circulatory_System

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