Chapter 11 Homework
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Chapter 11 Homework
Chapter 11
1.
Explain two purposes of the lymphatic system.
a.
Two purposes of the lymphatic system are the system functions to return excess
interstitial fluid and protein to the blood, to filter and destroy unwanted material
from the body fluids, and to initiate an immune response.
2.
Under what circumstances might lymph nodes be surgically removed?
a.
Lymph nodes might be surgically removed if the have cancer or have a very high
chance cancer may spread to them.
3.
Explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphomas.
a.
Infections occur frequently in patients with lymphomas because your immune system
is weakened and it stops lymphocytes from working properly which is a type of white
blood cell that helps fight off infections.
4.
State the prognoses for a person with a stage I and stage IV Hodgkin lymphoma, and explain
your reasoning.
a.
The prognoses for a person with a stage I Hodgkin lymphoma would be a better one
then someone who has stage IV Hodgkin lymphoma. Stage I Hodgkin lymphoma is
affecting a single lymph node or a region whereas, stage IV is more aggressive and
can has moved into affecting bone, lungs, and liver.
5.
Describe the functions of the lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the tonsils, and the spleen.
a.
The functions of the lymph nodes are to act as a defense system, removing foreign or
unwanted material from the lymph fluid before it enters the general circulation. The
tonsils function is to protect against bacterial infection in the area of the openings
between the nasal and oral cavities. The tonsils are the first line of defense from
invasion by external organisms and are subject to infections such as tonsillitis. The
spleen functions as a defense, hematopoiesis, and red blood cell and platelet
destruction, as well as serving as a reservoir for blood. As part of the body’s defense,
the blood passes through the spleen, where macrophages remove microorganisms
from the blood and destroy them through phagocytosis.
6.
What are the two forms of Castleman disease, and what distinguishes one from the other?
a.
The two forms of Castleman disease are unicentric, which only effects a single lymph
node and multicentric, which affects multiple lymph nodes and tissue and may lead to
a severe weakening of the immune system.
Unicentric manifestations include
difficulty eating and breathing, a large lump in the neck, armpit, or groin, unexplained
weight loss, and persistent cough.
Multicentric manifestations include fever and
night sweats, nausea and vomiting, weakness and overall fatigue, enlarged spleen,
liver, or peripheral lymph nodes in the neck, groin, or armpits, numbness or weakness
in the hands and feet because of nerve endings.
Read the following Case Study
11.1
Hodgkin Disease and answer the questions.
J.R., age 32 years, noticed a lump on the side of his neck a few months ago. The lump is relatively
large, painless, and not tender to the touch. A few days ago he experienced some difficulty
swallowing as if there was something putting pressure on his esophagus. He has also noticed
unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, and general fatigue over the past few weeks. A visit to
his physician produced lab results showing a marked decrease in the lymphocyte count, as well as the
presence of a giant cell in the tissue of a biopsied lymph node, subsequently confirmed as a Reed–
Sternberg cell. The lab results confirmed Hodgkin lymphoma.
7. Describe the pathophysiology of Hodgkin lymphoma.
a. The pathophysiology of Hodkin lymphoma usually begins with a single lymph node, usually
in the neck area. The cancer then spreads to the adjacent nodes and then to the organs via
the lymphatics. The T lymphocytes appear to be defective, and the lymphocyte count is
decreased.
8. Outline the conditions of the disease at each of the four stages as defined by the Ann Arbor staging
system.
a. Stage I affects a single lymph node or region. Stage II affects two or more lymph node
regions on the same side of the diaphragm or in a relatively localized area. Stage III involves
nodes on both sides of the diaphragm and the spleen. Stage IV represents diffuse
extralymphatic involvement spreading to the bone, lung or liver.
9. List some of the differences between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
a. Hodgkin disease is a type of lymphoma starting in the lymphocytes, it can start almost
anywhere but often originates in the lymph nodes in the upper part of the body. It can occur
in both adults and children but the disease occurs in adults 20 to 40 years old. Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma are increasing in incidence because of the number associated with HIV infection.
Only about 80% of cases involve B lymphocytes. It initial manifests as an enlarged, painless
lymph node. It is distinguished by multiple node involvement scattered throughout the body
and a non-organized pattern of widespread metastases, often present at diagnosis.
10. List the methods currently available to treat this disease.
a. Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery are used with much greater success now than
previously. Although new drugs and combinations have been tried one of the most effective
remains the ABVD ( Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbzine) combination.
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Related Questions
Which of the following is not true of the lymphatic
system?
Oxygen is transported to body tissues
a.
b.
Slow muscular contractions cause the fluid to
move in the vessels
The lymph is returned to the veins
C.
d.
There are flap-like valves to prevent the
backflow of fluid
O
O
O
O
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1. Mark Thompson is a 16-year-old patient who was admitted yesterday to the pediatric oncology unit for newly-diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma. Further testing revealed that Mark has involvement of lymph nodes on both sides of his diaphragm and in his spleen. He is scheduled to begin chemotherapy this evening. Mark states, “I can’t believe this is happening. It feels like my whole life changed overnight. I hate not knowing what will happen.”
What stage of lymphoma does Mark have? What clinical manifestations would you expect to see in your assessment? What are some oncological emergencies that can occur during chemotherapy treatments? What impact does a cancer diagnosis have on the psychosocial status of the patient and their family? What referrals can the nurse make to minimize this impact?
arrow_forward
FIGURE 11.1L2 Lymphoid organs: (A) overview of the lymphatic organs and vessels
10 Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
a. Maintaining blood pressure
b. Absorbing dietary fats
c. Activating the immune system
d. Transporting excess interstitial fluid back to the heart
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Which of the following statements is true? *
a. All of the statements are true.
b. Lymph from the thoracic duct empties into the right subclavian vein.
c. Lymphatic vessels do not have valves.
d. Lymph from the right-lower limb passes into the right subclavian vein.
e. Lymphatic vessels empty into lymph nodes.
pls answer asap thankyou
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Which of the following statements is valid concerning lymph fluid formation
1. Intermediate fiamnents attach lymphatic endothelial cells to sorrounding tissue
2. When the tissue swell due to the injury, gaps in the lymphatic capillaries open allowing fluid to flow from the blood capillary to the lymphatic capillary
3. Lymphatic capillaries are closed ended vessels
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Lymphatic Vessels
1. In the drawing to the right, label the
lymphatic vessel.
2. In the drawing to the right, use arrows to
indicate the path of fluid into the lymph
vessels.
3.
Draw a circle around each lymphatic
valve.
4. What is the function of a valve?
arrow_forward
Which of the following statements regarding the lymphatic system is not true?
A. Lymph originates from excess cellular fluid
B. Lymph nodes trap bacteria
C. Swelling of the lymph nodes indicates dysfunction of the lymphatic system
D. Swelling of the lymph nodes indicates proper functioning of the lymphatic system
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Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue?a. spleen
b. thyroid gland
c. lymph noded. GALT
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The lymphatic system collects fluid from tissues throughout the body and directs its flow toward the
Select one:
O a. pancreas
b. heart
C. gallbladder
d. liver
e. spleen
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Write A for TRUE statements OR B for FALSE statements
76.
_Medulla is made up of dense lymphatic CT arranged into nodules.
Hilum is where the blood vessels exit the lymph node
Hemal node filters lymphocytes from the peripheral blood.
_Lymphadenitis is any enlargement of lymph node.
77.
78.
79.
80.
_The periphery of each nodule is known as corona.
_Lymphatic system develops earlier than blood vascular system.
_Cortex is the outer peripheral area in a lymph node.
81.
82.
83.
_The capsule is made up of dense collagenous connective tissue.
84.
_Trabecular sinusoids are located beneath the trabeculae.
85.
_The deep cortex is the domain teritory of B- lymphocytes.
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A. Matching Types . Capital letter from the choices column
66.
67.
Form two trunks.
_The lining of epithelium is simple squamous.
Also known as lymphatic capillaries.
Right lymphatic duct.
CHOICES
A. Small-Sized Lymphatic Vessels
B. Medium-Sized Lymphatic Vessels
c. Large-Sized Lymphatic Vessels
68.
69.
70.
_Form dense networks in
almost all tissues of the
body.
71.
_Central lacteals.
72.
Have thicker walls with
similar layers to blood
vessels.
73.
_The wall consists of
collagenous, elastic
fibers and few smooth
muscles.
74.
_Located deeper
farther away from the
skin or mucous
membranes.
75.
Cisterna chyle
7
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Fluid found in lymphatic vessels is known as:- a. interstitial fluid. b. plasma. c. lymph. d. intracellular fluid
arrow_forward
FIGURE 11.12 Lymphoid organs: (A) overview of the lymphati-
10 Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
a. Maintaining blood pressure
b. Absorbing dietary fats
c. Activating the immune system
d. Transporting excess interstitial fluid back to the heart
arrow_forward
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the
Select one:
a. right side of the body.
b. abdomen.
c. right arm, right chest, and right side of head.
d. upper part of the body.
e. left arm, left chest, and left side of head.
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The lymphatic system includes all of the following excepta. lymph nodes.b. the spleen.c. the pancreas.d. the thymus.
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LYMPH AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS
? MCQS
4. Which important constituent of blood is absent from lymph? .
b. Erythrocytes
c. Lymphocytes
d. Antibodies
a. Glucose
5. What is the difference between lymph and interstitial fluid? .
a. Lymph contains white blood cells and interstitial fluid does not
b. Nothing; the two terms are interchangeable
c. Interstitial fluid bathes the cells and lymph is found in the lymphatic vessels
d. Lymph becomes interstitial fluid when it returns to the bloodstream
6. Which nutrient is absorbed into the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine?.
c. Vitamins
a. Glucose
b. Amino acids
d. Fats
7. Which of the following does not contribute to lymph flow? .
a. Contraction of adjacent skeletal muscles
b. Pulsation of nearby arteries
c. Active propulsion by valves in the lymph vessel
d. Peristalsis-like action of the lymph vessel wall
8. The thoracic duct empties lymph into the: ,
c. Right lymphatic duct
a. Subclavian duct
b. Subclavian vein
d. Superior vena cava
9. Which…
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All of the following can result in lymphedema (the accumulation of interstitial fluid due to interference with lymphatic drainage) except a. surgical removal of a group of lymph nodes. b. obstruction of lymph vessels that drain a lymph node, as might occur with a tumor or an infection. c. radiation therapy, which may cause scar formation of lymph vessels. d. exercise that increases the flow of lymph in the lymph vessels.
arrow_forward
Jordan has an enlarged lymph node along the side of his neck,and he is worried that the structure may be a lymphoma. Whatare some criteria to help distinguish between infected lymphnodes and malignant lymph nodes? If the lymph node werecancerous, how would a physician determine if the cancer hasspread to other parts of the body?
arrow_forward
The lymphatic tissues/organs illustrated below contain which of the following types of cells?
1. reticular cells
2. macrophages
3. B lymphocytes
4. T lymphocytes
Choose from the following:
(A) 1, 2 and 3
(B) 1, 2, and 4
(C) 2, 3, and 4
(D) 1, 3, and 4
(E) 1, 2, 3, and 4
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Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
a. It absorbs dietary lipids.
b. It provides immunity.
c. It transports nutrients to tissues.
d. It returns proteins to the blood.
e. It returns excess fluid from tissues to the blood.
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identify the structures listed in Figure
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The _____ is (are) the lymphoid organ(s) that filter(s) the blood.
a. spleen
b. tonsils
c. Peyer’s patches
d. appendix
e. adenoids.
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4. IDENTIFY THE DESCRIPTIONS OF LYMPHATIC TISSUES OR ORGANS IN BODY BY MATCHING COLUMN A WITH COLUMN B
Column A Column B
1) Filters lymph, and adds antibodies to it A. Tonsils
2) The largest lymphatic organ; a blood B. Thymus reservoir
3) Prevents bacteria from breaching the Intestinal wall C. Spleen
4) Located in the superior mediastinum. D. Peyer's patches
5) Removes aged and defective red blood cell E. Lymph node 6) With invaginations called crypts
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EXERCISE
Name
The Lymphatic System
1. Match the terms below with the correct letters on the diagram.
1. appendix
2. axillary lymph nodes
3. cervical lymph nodes
4. cisterna chyli
5.
inguinal lymph nodes
6.
lymphatic vessels
7.
Peyer's patches (in small intestine)
8. red bone marrow
9. right lymphatic duct
10. spleen
11. thoracic duct
12. thymus
13. tonsils
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1. A 65-year old client is experiencing edema on both lower extremities. Edema is a condition of accumulation of fluid in the tissues. Explain the association of edema to the functions of the lymphatic system.
2. Describe the functions of lymphatic vessels?
arrow_forward
Which of the following is not true of the lymphatic
system?
Oxygen is transported to body tissues
a.
b.
Slow muscular contractions cause the fluid to
move in the vessels
The lymph is returned to the veins
C.
d.
There are flap-like valves to prevent the
backflow of fluid
O
O
O
O
arrow_forward
Lymphatic capillaries function to transport all of the following EXCEPT
Choose from the following:
(A) extracellular fluid
(B) lipids
(C) erythrocytes
(D) leukocytes
(E) invading micro-organisms
arrow_forward
80) Which white blood cell is the first to attack foreign cells?
Group of answer choices
Neutrophil
B Lymphocyte (B-Cell)
Monocyte
T Lymphocyte (T-Cell)
Eosinophil
81) The internal intercostal muscles assist only in labored breathing.
Group of answer choices
False
True
82) What is the 1st phase of Hemostasis?
Group of answer choices
Coagulation
Platelet Plug Formation
Stroke
Bleeding
Vascular Spasm
83) The ____________ is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled beyond a normal tidal inhalation.
Group of answer choices
RV
VC
ERV
TV
IRV
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What structure covers the exterior of a lymph node? A. Cortex B. Lymphoid follicles C. Capsule D. Medulla
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1. Match the following leukocytes (A-L) with the correct description (a-j). Each term should be used only
once or it should not be used at all.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
A. Mast cells
B. Neutrophils
C. Macrophages
D. Eosinophils
E. Monocytes
F. Dendritic cells
G. B cells
H. Helper T cells
I. Cytotoxic T cells
J. Basophils
K. Plasma cells
L. Natural killer cells
can perform phagocytosis and they are the most abundant type of leukocytes in the blood.
are found in various tissues and release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation.
are cytotoxic cells used for the killing of parasites
are transformed into macrophages when they enter tissues.
are antibody-producing cells.
belong to the specific immune system and can kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
have receptors consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains
_can kill pathogens by phagocytosis and present peptide antigen fragments on MHC molecules.
are found in the blood and are involved in allergic reactions.
are…
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A primary function of lymphatic vessels is:
a. the circulation of white blood cells
b. act as a shock absorber for the brain
c. transport extracellular fluid for filtration
d. to regulate fluid through the digestive tract
e. the return of blood from the capillaries to the heart
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nts/964974/take/5/
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Question 2
Which of the following best describes the structure of the lymphatic
system?
A
a collection of specialized cells produced by other body systems that
work together
B a layer of tissue deep to the skin with large pores
tha
one single, continuous tube the connects every major body organ
C
a series of vessels and nodes that are well suited to circulate fluids
D
ó ó ó o o o o
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- Which of the following is not true of the lymphatic system? Oxygen is transported to body tissues a. b. Slow muscular contractions cause the fluid to move in the vessels The lymph is returned to the veins C. d. There are flap-like valves to prevent the backflow of fluid O O O Oarrow_forward1. Mark Thompson is a 16-year-old patient who was admitted yesterday to the pediatric oncology unit for newly-diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma. Further testing revealed that Mark has involvement of lymph nodes on both sides of his diaphragm and in his spleen. He is scheduled to begin chemotherapy this evening. Mark states, “I can’t believe this is happening. It feels like my whole life changed overnight. I hate not knowing what will happen.” What stage of lymphoma does Mark have? What clinical manifestations would you expect to see in your assessment? What are some oncological emergencies that can occur during chemotherapy treatments? What impact does a cancer diagnosis have on the psychosocial status of the patient and their family? What referrals can the nurse make to minimize this impact?arrow_forwardFIGURE 11.1L2 Lymphoid organs: (A) overview of the lymphatic organs and vessels 10 Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system? a. Maintaining blood pressure b. Absorbing dietary fats c. Activating the immune system d. Transporting excess interstitial fluid back to the heartarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements is true? * a. All of the statements are true. b. Lymph from the thoracic duct empties into the right subclavian vein. c. Lymphatic vessels do not have valves. d. Lymph from the right-lower limb passes into the right subclavian vein. e. Lymphatic vessels empty into lymph nodes. pls answer asap thankyouarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is valid concerning lymph fluid formation 1. Intermediate fiamnents attach lymphatic endothelial cells to sorrounding tissue 2. When the tissue swell due to the injury, gaps in the lymphatic capillaries open allowing fluid to flow from the blood capillary to the lymphatic capillary 3. Lymphatic capillaries are closed ended vesselsarrow_forwardLymphatic Vessels 1. In the drawing to the right, label the lymphatic vessel. 2. In the drawing to the right, use arrows to indicate the path of fluid into the lymph vessels. 3. Draw a circle around each lymphatic valve. 4. What is the function of a valve?arrow_forward
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- Write A for TRUE statements OR B for FALSE statements 76. _Medulla is made up of dense lymphatic CT arranged into nodules. Hilum is where the blood vessels exit the lymph node Hemal node filters lymphocytes from the peripheral blood. _Lymphadenitis is any enlargement of lymph node. 77. 78. 79. 80. _The periphery of each nodule is known as corona. _Lymphatic system develops earlier than blood vascular system. _Cortex is the outer peripheral area in a lymph node. 81. 82. 83. _The capsule is made up of dense collagenous connective tissue. 84. _Trabecular sinusoids are located beneath the trabeculae. 85. _The deep cortex is the domain teritory of B- lymphocytes.arrow_forwardA. Matching Types . Capital letter from the choices column 66. 67. Form two trunks. _The lining of epithelium is simple squamous. Also known as lymphatic capillaries. Right lymphatic duct. CHOICES A. Small-Sized Lymphatic Vessels B. Medium-Sized Lymphatic Vessels c. Large-Sized Lymphatic Vessels 68. 69. 70. _Form dense networks in almost all tissues of the body. 71. _Central lacteals. 72. Have thicker walls with similar layers to blood vessels. 73. _The wall consists of collagenous, elastic fibers and few smooth muscles. 74. _Located deeper farther away from the skin or mucous membranes. 75. Cisterna chyle 7arrow_forwardFluid found in lymphatic vessels is known as:- a. interstitial fluid. b. plasma. c. lymph. d. intracellular fluidarrow_forward
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