Chapter 11 Homework

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Kristina Pisano Health Sciences 2 November 7 th , 2023 Chapter 11 Homework Chapter 11 1. Explain two purposes of the lymphatic system. a. Two purposes of the lymphatic system are the system functions to return excess interstitial fluid and protein to the blood, to filter and destroy unwanted material from the body fluids, and to initiate an immune response. 2. Under what circumstances might lymph nodes be surgically removed? a. Lymph nodes might be surgically removed if the have cancer or have a very high chance cancer may spread to them. 3. Explain why infections occur frequently in patients with lymphomas. a. Infections occur frequently in patients with lymphomas because your immune system is weakened and it stops lymphocytes from working properly which is a type of white blood cell that helps fight off infections. 4. State the prognoses for a person with a stage I and stage IV Hodgkin lymphoma, and explain your reasoning. a. The prognoses for a person with a stage I Hodgkin lymphoma would be a better one then someone who has stage IV Hodgkin lymphoma. Stage I Hodgkin lymphoma is affecting a single lymph node or a region whereas, stage IV is more aggressive and can has moved into affecting bone, lungs, and liver. 5. Describe the functions of the lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the tonsils, and the spleen. a. The functions of the lymph nodes are to act as a defense system, removing foreign or unwanted material from the lymph fluid before it enters the general circulation. The tonsils function is to protect against bacterial infection in the area of the openings between the nasal and oral cavities. The tonsils are the first line of defense from invasion by external organisms and are subject to infections such as tonsillitis. The spleen functions as a defense, hematopoiesis, and red blood cell and platelet destruction, as well as serving as a reservoir for blood. As part of the body’s defense, the blood passes through the spleen, where macrophages remove microorganisms from the blood and destroy them through phagocytosis. 6. What are the two forms of Castleman disease, and what distinguishes one from the other? a. The two forms of Castleman disease are unicentric, which only effects a single lymph node and multicentric, which affects multiple lymph nodes and tissue and may lead to a severe weakening of the immune system. Unicentric manifestations include difficulty eating and breathing, a large lump in the neck, armpit, or groin, unexplained weight loss, and persistent cough. Multicentric manifestations include fever and night sweats, nausea and vomiting, weakness and overall fatigue, enlarged spleen, liver, or peripheral lymph nodes in the neck, groin, or armpits, numbness or weakness in the hands and feet because of nerve endings. Read the following Case Study 11.1 Hodgkin Disease and answer the questions.
J.R., age 32 years, noticed a lump on the side of his neck a few months ago. The lump is relatively large, painless, and not tender to the touch. A few days ago he experienced some difficulty swallowing as if there was something putting pressure on his esophagus. He has also noticed unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, and general fatigue over the past few weeks. A visit to his physician produced lab results showing a marked decrease in the lymphocyte count, as well as the presence of a giant cell in the tissue of a biopsied lymph node, subsequently confirmed as a Reed– Sternberg cell. The lab results confirmed Hodgkin lymphoma. 7. Describe the pathophysiology of Hodgkin lymphoma. a. The pathophysiology of Hodkin lymphoma usually begins with a single lymph node, usually in the neck area. The cancer then spreads to the adjacent nodes and then to the organs via the lymphatics. The T lymphocytes appear to be defective, and the lymphocyte count is decreased. 8. Outline the conditions of the disease at each of the four stages as defined by the Ann Arbor staging system. a. Stage I affects a single lymph node or region. Stage II affects two or more lymph node regions on the same side of the diaphragm or in a relatively localized area. Stage III involves nodes on both sides of the diaphragm and the spleen. Stage IV represents diffuse extralymphatic involvement spreading to the bone, lung or liver. 9. List some of the differences between Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. a. Hodgkin disease is a type of lymphoma starting in the lymphocytes, it can start almost anywhere but often originates in the lymph nodes in the upper part of the body. It can occur in both adults and children but the disease occurs in adults 20 to 40 years old. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma are increasing in incidence because of the number associated with HIV infection. Only about 80% of cases involve B lymphocytes. It initial manifests as an enlarged, painless lymph node. It is distinguished by multiple node involvement scattered throughout the body and a non-organized pattern of widespread metastases, often present at diagnosis. 10. List the methods currently available to treat this disease. a. Radiation, chemotherapy, and surgery are used with much greater success now than previously. Although new drugs and combinations have been tried one of the most effective remains the ABVD ( Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbzine) combination.
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