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Microscopy Worksheet 5 50 pts
Background One of the most common instruments used in biology is the microscope. The invention of the microscope
revolutionized biology. It helped establish that living things are made of cells and that microorganisms
exist that are invisible to the naked eye. Microscopes are valuable tools in biology because they are
capable of increasing both the magnification and resolution of the observed specimen. Magnification
refers to the apparent size of the specimen, whereas resolution refers to the clarity of seeing two objects
as distinctly separate. The magnification power of a compound light microscope is determined by its ocular and the objective,
which is why we refer to the microscope as a compound light microscope
. A typical ocular has a
magnification power of ten (10X). The objectives are magnifying lenses fastened on the rotating
nosepiece. The objectives on student microscopes are 4X, 10X, 40X, and sometimes 100X (for oil
immersion). To calculate the total magnification of the specimen, one would multiply the ocular power by
the objective power as below: Total magnification = magnification of ocular X magnification of objective used We will be introducing a compound light microscope by first acquainting you with the parts and functions
of the parts of the microscope and then by viewing a variety of cell specimens. Eukaryotic cells are those
that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells
, or bacterial cells, are much
smaller in size and do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. MICROSCOPE FIELD OF VIEW When you look into a microscope that has the power turned on, you should see a bright circle. This bright
circle of light shows you the area of the slide that is being magnified and is called the field of view
. As
you increase objective magnification power, the field of view gets smaller. This does not mean the bright
circle that you see through the microscope becomes smaller. It simply means a smaller area of the slide is
being magnified.
Diameter of the field of view for the student light microscope. Objective Lens Diameter of the Field of View (1 mm = 1,000 μm) 4X 4.5 mm or 4,500 μm 10X 1.8 mm or 1,800 μm 40X 0.5 mm or 500 μm One can use the diameter of the field of view to estimate the size of the object that is being observed under
the microscope. To estimate the size of the object observed, use the following steps: 1.
Select a suitable magnification for size estimation. It is important that you choose a magnification that
allows you to observe the entire object. If the object is very small, use the highest magnification
available for your estimation. 2.
Place the object in the center of the field of view. Estimate the number of objects that can fit across the
diameter of the field of view. 3.
Estimated object size = Diameter of the chosen field of view ÷ Estimated number of object across the
diameter of the field of view. Virtual Labs I. Operation of bright field microscope
1.
(2 pts) What is the difference between resolution and contrast? Resolution is the ability to distinguish fine detail, while contrast is the ability to recognize objects
such as cells from a background.
2.
(1pt) What is the field of view? The field of view is the amount of the slide you are able to see through the microscope’s eyepiece.
3.
(1pt) What is the relationship between objective, magnification power and the field of view? As magnification in the microscope increases, the field of view decreases.
4.
(1pt) Total magnification = Objective lens multiplied times the 10x of the ocular lens
(Is the
overall enlargement of the image of a specimen.)
5.
(1pt) What is the total magnification of the observed objects in a microscope that is using the 40X
objective lens? The total magnification of the observed objects in a microscope that is using the 40x objective
lens would be 400x.
6.
(1pt) When using the 100X objective lens, a drop of
immersion oil is needed on the specimen slide. 7.
(1pt) How does changing light intensity affect the contrast of an image in a microscope? When the light intensity is to bright it can blind the view, so you only see white, and if it is to low, you will not be able to see anything, so it is important to adjust the light in a way where you can see every detail of the specimen.
8.
(1pt) How do you bring a specimen into focus quickly? To bring a specimen into focus quickly is better to start with a 4x objective lens and adjust the
focus with the fine adjustment knob, and after that increase the objective lenses.
II. Label the Parts and Describe the Function of the Parts of the Microscope
Directions: With the help from the last activity, and your computer, label the parts of the microscope,
listed below, and describe the function of the part next to your label.
(10 pts) 1. Mechanical Stage: where you place a specimen for viewing.
6. Rotating Nosepiece: houses and moves all the objective lenses. 2. Fine Focus Knob: moves the stage up and down slowly to sharpen the image of the specimen. 7. Objective lens: closest lens to the specimen. Magnify the image of the specimen. 3. Coarse Focus Knob: focus the image under low power magnification, move the stage up and down rapidly.
8. Oculars: adjustable piece
to place the eyes to look at the specimens. 4. Condenser: lenses used to collect and focus light from the light source into the specimen.
9. Stage adjustment knobs:
moves
the
stage
mechanically
(left,right,forwardand
backward). 5. Iris Diaphragm: controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen. 10. Light source: reflects the light from an external source to the sample.
II. Microscopy – Plant Cells (Onion Epidermal Cells) Background
All living systems are made up of either prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells. Bacteria are prokaryotic
organisms. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller, less complex, and most importantly, the genetic material
(DNA) is not enclosed in a membrane-bound structure (known as the nucleus). All bacteria are
prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells make up all the other kingdoms of life: plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, more complex in cellular organization, and have distinct membrane-
bound structures known as organelles (including having a nucleus). Most cellular structures are too small
and colorless to be visually identifiable using a light microscope. However, it is possible to visualize nuclei
in eukaryotic cells using a light microscope. In this next simulation, you will observe onion epidermal cells, which are harvested from the inner portion of a layer from an onion bulb. The bulb of the onion grows underground so, therefore, the organelle which accomplishes photosynthesis, the chloroplast
, will not be visible in an onion bulb. Furthermore, since
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Related Questions
Which of the following statements regarding electron microscopy is FALSE?
Question options:
live organisms cannot be viewed with an electron microscope
all of these statements are TRUE
scanning electron microscopes focus electrons across the surface of a sample
electrons pass through a sample viewed using transmission electron microscopy
electron microscopes use magnetic fields in place of glass lenses
electron microsopes have a better resolving power than light microscopes
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True or false?
light microscopy has a limit of resolution of 200nm.
phase contrast microscopy can be used to observ thick (more than 2 cells)speciments.
mammalian cells are grown in a humidified incubator at 30C and 5% CO2.
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3D dimensionality is a limitation of the compound
microscope. Depth of field, DOF, describes dimensionality
form top to bottom and can be observed with colored cross
threads. Observe the crossed thread slide on low power
(4x), then on medium power (10x), then on high power
(40x objective magnification).
Which crossed fiber is on top?
How do you know?
arrow_forward
Copy and paste the link below and watch the video on Youtube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RBs0Ghg_48
Answer the following Questions:
1. What are the chemicals and materials used in gel electrophoresis?
2. Draw a schematic diagram of a gel electrophoresis set-up
3. Describe the procedure in doing a gel electrophoresis experiment. Why is there a need for a leveling bubble/leveler? What is the use of the rubber dam?
4. What is the use of ethidium bromide and why must you wear gloves when you handle it?
5. What makes the DNA fragment move towards the positive plate?
6. What is the purpose of glycerol in the sample buffer?
7. What is the use of a DNA ladder?
8. What will happen when you increase the voltage of the set-up?
9. Can gel electrophoresis be used to separate amino acids? If so, how is it done?
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PART C: CALCULATING THE DIAMETER OF THE FIELD OF VIEW (FOV)_
The field of view (FOV) is the circular area you can see when you look through the microscope. The
diameter of the field of view is different depending on which objective lens you are using. For example,
you are using the medium-power objective lens, then the area you can see is actually smaller than if you
were using the low-power objective lens. Knowing The diameter of the field of view can help you estimate
actual size of objects / cells seen through the microscope.
When the revolving nose piece is turned to the low power objective lens, a dear plastic ruler can be placed on the microscope stage (see figure 1).
Then, the coarse adjustment knob can be used to focus on the millimeter marks of the ruler making sure that one of the milimeter marks is at the left
edge of the field of view (see figure 2).
NOTE:
Slage cip
I-1000
Objects in the FOV are usually
measured in micrometers (um).
To convert, a FOV in mm, times
it by 1000…
arrow_forward
Saved
Sort the following characteristics based on whether they apply to light or electron microscopes.
2000x
1,000,000x or more
200 mm (0.2um)
Yes
No
Usually not
0.5 nm
Table 3.3 Comparison of Light Microscopes and Electron Microscopes
Characteristic
Light or Optical
Electron (Transmission)
Useful magnification
200 mm (0.2µm)
1,000,000x or more
Maximum resolution
200 mm (0.2um)
1,000,000x or more
Image produced by
Light rays
Electron beam
Image focused by
Glass objective lens
Electromagnetic objective lenses
Image viewed through
Glass ocular lens
Fluorescent screen
Specimen placed on
Glass slide
Copper mesh
Specimen may be alive
Yes
Specimen requires special stains or treatment
Depends on technique
Yes
Shows natural color
Reset
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Please explain the table
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The most widely used type of light microscope is the
Multiple Choice
bright-field microscope.
dark-field microscope.
phase-contrast microscope.
confocal microscope.
fluorescence microscope.
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Help with
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please check image
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Clinical microscopy
How to troubleshoot a microscope?
How to cleanup a microscope?
How to take care a microscope?
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Animal Cell (Ideal Model)
This is a model of an ideal animal cell. Objects are not to scale and many of them would not be
visible with a compound light microscope. Fill in the blanks.
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Distinguish scanning tunneling from atomic force microscopes in terms of how they create images and their uses
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Simulated data: Imagine you collect the following images at the above
magnifications.
Figure 3-2: Images of cheek cells at the above magnifications.
Labelling Drawing:
Label only the microscope image taken at 1000x magnification. Add lines and
labels (as per guidelines for scientific drawings). You should include:
A scale bar showing a unit length of 20 µm. (Hint: The length of the human cheek
cell shown is 60 um).
Labels for the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
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This is just a labster demonstration not a test, I am having trouble finding the answer in the text
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Which of the following method is
employed in the sample preparation for
the cryo-electron microscope?
O The sample is flash-frozen in water to form
crystalline ice
O The sample is embedded, sectioned and
then stained with a negative stain then
flash-frozen in water to form vitreous or
amorphous ice
The sample is flash-frozen in water to form
vitreous or amorphous ice
The sample is embedded, sectioned and
then stained with a negative stain then
flash-frozen in water to form crystalline ice
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Please answer fast
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Which of the following microscopes typically requires the use of vital dyes (like methylene blue) to visualize large subcellular structures in a living cell (like the nucleolus or the mitochondrion)?
the scanning/tunneling electron microscope (STEM), with good resolution up to about 100,000,000x
the transmission electron microscope (TEM), with good resolution up to about 100,000x
the scanning electron microscope (SEM), with good resolution up to about 1,000,000x
the compound light microscope, with good resolution up to about 1,500x
all of the above microscopes would be equally useful in visualizing the interior of organelles
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Explain when to use bright-field, phase-contrast, dark-field, fluorescence, transmission electron, and scanning electron microscopy for a given situation. What is an example of this situation?
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You may want to use this resource for this problem. If you do, submit the output along with your solution.You have been given a confocal microscope equipped with the following lasers, excitation filters, andemission filters:Laser Emission filter355 nm 410-470 nm405 nm 470-500 nm488 nm 500-550 nm532 nm 570-610 nm561 nm 610-650 nm640 nm 660-700 nm808 nm 720-780 nmYour task is to design an experiment to visualize the following:1. Nuclei2. A fluorescent protein in the cytosol3. A cell membrane marker antibody conjugated with a fluorophore4. Actin filaments5. LysosomesYou may choose from the following fluorophores for each of the five channels:Nuclei Fluorescent protein Membrane marker Actin marker Lysosome trackerDAPI GFP FITC AF488 Phalloidin LysoTracker RedHoechst 33342 YFP WGA-TRITC AF568 Phalloidin LysoTracker DeepRedSYTO Deep Red RFP Cy7 AF594 Phalloidin LysoTracker Blue
Part 3.1Choose appropriate fluorophores for each of the subcellular structures to be imaged, taking into…
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To visualize individual atoms in a protein or nucleic acid you would use:
X-ray crystallography
fluorescence microscopy
poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis
transmission electron microscopy
light microscopy
arrow_forward
What description best describes the compound light microscope?
Uses a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.
Has more than one lens and its own light source. In this type of microscope,
there are ocular lenses in the binocular eyepieces and objective lenses in a
rotating nosepiece closer to the specimen.
An optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a
micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in
image formation.
Designed for low magnification observation of a sample, typically
using light reflected from the surface of an object rather than transmitted
through it.
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Discussion:
1) What does calibrating the microscope mean? Why do we calibrate the
microscope?
2) What is the ocular calibration scale for each objective? Why is important
to calibrate each objective?
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There are many different types of microscopes that can be used in science. Research the function of each type of microscope below
Stereomicroscopes
Bright field microscope
Dark field microscope
Fluorescence microscope
Phase contrast microscope
Nomarski microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope
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Pls help ASAP
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label image from options.
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Please answer fast and explain well
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Does it reduce, deaden, or enhance human creativity using Titan 80-300 Cubed Microscope?
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Both light and electron microscopy are commonly used to visualize cells, cell structures, and the location of specific molecules. Explain why a scientist may choose one or the other microscopy technique for use in research.
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Discuss the microscopy technique that gives the best contrast image of non-biological samples such as micro and nano-particles.
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Please answer fast
what are some tips to improve image quality when looking at a organsims using a microscope
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For each type of microscopy, know how each is used and the type of image produced. kEEP IT SHORT AND SWEET
Light microscope –
Transmission electron microscope -
Scanning electron microscope –
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Microscope
You should always position the cells or tissues in the center of view before increasing magnification, because
you know that the image will move right as you move the slide to the left.
you know that the image will move up as you move the slide down
you know that the center of field of view will be unchanged
this is the best way to avoid breaking the slide with an objective
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- Which of the following statements regarding electron microscopy is FALSE? Question options: live organisms cannot be viewed with an electron microscope all of these statements are TRUE scanning electron microscopes focus electrons across the surface of a sample electrons pass through a sample viewed using transmission electron microscopy electron microscopes use magnetic fields in place of glass lenses electron microsopes have a better resolving power than light microscopesarrow_forwardTrue or false? light microscopy has a limit of resolution of 200nm. phase contrast microscopy can be used to observ thick (more than 2 cells)speciments. mammalian cells are grown in a humidified incubator at 30C and 5% CO2.arrow_forward3D dimensionality is a limitation of the compound microscope. Depth of field, DOF, describes dimensionality form top to bottom and can be observed with colored cross threads. Observe the crossed thread slide on low power (4x), then on medium power (10x), then on high power (40x objective magnification). Which crossed fiber is on top? How do you know?arrow_forward
- Copy and paste the link below and watch the video on Youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RBs0Ghg_48 Answer the following Questions: 1. What are the chemicals and materials used in gel electrophoresis? 2. Draw a schematic diagram of a gel electrophoresis set-up 3. Describe the procedure in doing a gel electrophoresis experiment. Why is there a need for a leveling bubble/leveler? What is the use of the rubber dam? 4. What is the use of ethidium bromide and why must you wear gloves when you handle it? 5. What makes the DNA fragment move towards the positive plate? 6. What is the purpose of glycerol in the sample buffer? 7. What is the use of a DNA ladder? 8. What will happen when you increase the voltage of the set-up? 9. Can gel electrophoresis be used to separate amino acids? If so, how is it done?arrow_forwardPART C: CALCULATING THE DIAMETER OF THE FIELD OF VIEW (FOV)_ The field of view (FOV) is the circular area you can see when you look through the microscope. The diameter of the field of view is different depending on which objective lens you are using. For example, you are using the medium-power objective lens, then the area you can see is actually smaller than if you were using the low-power objective lens. Knowing The diameter of the field of view can help you estimate actual size of objects / cells seen through the microscope. When the revolving nose piece is turned to the low power objective lens, a dear plastic ruler can be placed on the microscope stage (see figure 1). Then, the coarse adjustment knob can be used to focus on the millimeter marks of the ruler making sure that one of the milimeter marks is at the left edge of the field of view (see figure 2). NOTE: Slage cip I-1000 Objects in the FOV are usually measured in micrometers (um). To convert, a FOV in mm, times it by 1000…arrow_forwardSaved Sort the following characteristics based on whether they apply to light or electron microscopes. 2000x 1,000,000x or more 200 mm (0.2um) Yes No Usually not 0.5 nm Table 3.3 Comparison of Light Microscopes and Electron Microscopes Characteristic Light or Optical Electron (Transmission) Useful magnification 200 mm (0.2µm) 1,000,000x or more Maximum resolution 200 mm (0.2um) 1,000,000x or more Image produced by Light rays Electron beam Image focused by Glass objective lens Electromagnetic objective lenses Image viewed through Glass ocular lens Fluorescent screen Specimen placed on Glass slide Copper mesh Specimen may be alive Yes Specimen requires special stains or treatment Depends on technique Yes Shows natural color Resetarrow_forward
- please check imagearrow_forwardClinical microscopy How to troubleshoot a microscope? How to cleanup a microscope? How to take care a microscope?arrow_forwardAnimal Cell (Ideal Model) This is a model of an ideal animal cell. Objects are not to scale and many of them would not be visible with a compound light microscope. Fill in the blanks.arrow_forward
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ISBN:9781337711067
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