LAB 2 HOMEWORK AMBER M - FINAL

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Lab 2 (Examination of Eukaryotic Microbes) N ame:_____________________________ LAB 2 HOMEWORK – AMBER MCCLENDON Exercise 3-3: Examination of Eukaryotic Microbes Terms: Plastid: A double membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food that is commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic organisms like plants. Its function largely depends on the presence of pigments. A plastid involved in food synthesis typically contains pigments, which are also the ones responsible for the color of a plant structure (e.g. green leaf, red flower, yellow fruit, etc). A plastid containing green pigment (chlorophyll) is called a chloroplast whereas a plastid containing pigments apart from green is called a chromoplast. A plastid that lacks pigments is called a leucoplast, and it mainly is involved in food storage. A leucoplast may be an amyloplast that stores starch, an elaioplast that stores fat, or a proteinoplast that stores proteins. Like mitochondria, plastids have their own DNA and ribosomes; hence, they may be used in phylogenetic studies. Source: http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Plastid 8/9/13 Prokaryotes: A small, single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus (instead, it has circular, covalently-closed DNA within the cytoplasm) and other organelles. Its ribosomal components are similar, but somewhat smaller, than those of eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are more primitive than eukaryotes. Eukaryotes: A larger type of cell that contains organelles including a nucleus for its genetic material (DNA). Its DNA is organized in linear strands and often contains introns (intervening sequences). Ribosomal components are similar, but somewhat larger, than their prokaryotic counterparts. Eukaryotes evolved after prokaryotes. Domains: A broad classification of ALL organisms based on the sequence of nucleotides in rRNA. There are three domains: Bacteria and Archaea are two domains within the prokaryotes and Eukarya is the third domain which includes all eukaryotes. rRNA: Ribonucleic acid, the intermediary between genetic information (DNA) and enzymes (protein). That is, gene expression requires the copying of selective portions of DNA into RNA (which is called messenger RNA or mRNA). RNA can also be structural as in ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and it is vitally important in the translation of mRNA into proteins as transfer RNA (tRNA). Supergroups: Five divisions [six divisions in some schemes] of Eukarya that are larger (more inclusive) than the classical Kingdoms. Endosymbiotic theory: The theory whereby a primitive prokaryote was engulfed (but not digested) by a larger prokaryote that led to the formation of eukaryotic cells. This theory is especially well accepted for the case of Archaeplastida where the modern-day chloroplasts of plants and red/green algae are most likely derived from an engulfed cyanobacterium. Trophozoite: Feeding stage in the life cycle of certain protozoans. Cyst: Resting (or dormant) stage in the life cycle of certain protozoans. Autotroph: An organism that fixes CO2 (generates large, complex organic molecules from CO2). Heterotroph: An organism that requires carbon in the form of organic molecules.

Lab 2 (Examination of Eukaryotic Microbes) N ame:_____________________________ Mixotroph: An organism that can live autotrophically (when light is available) or heterotrophically. Historically, Euglena is an important example. Pseudopods: “False feet” or extensions of cytoplasm from amoebae that are used for movement as well as engulfing prey. Amoebae are irreg ularly-shaped organisms that constantly change shape via the production of pseudopods. Cilia: Small filamentous organelles, like fibers, that cover the surface of some alveolates (within the Supergroup Chromalveolata). Cilia are usually numerous whip-like flagella that are used for both locomotion and feeding (directing food particles through the oral groove to the cytosome). Saprophyte(s): A heterotroph that digests dead organic matter (a decomposer). Parasite(s): An organism that lives symbiotically with another, but to the detriment of the other organism (the host). Mold(s): An informal grouping of filamentous fungi. Yeast: An informal grouping of unicellular fungi. Hypha(e): A filament (or filaments) of fungal cells. Mycelium: A mass of fungal filaments (hyphae). Conidia: The asexual, non-motile spores of a fungus. They are the small spheres that appear at the ends of the fruiting bodies of both Aspergillus and Penicillium molds. Conidia are dispersed when they become airborne something like the seed heads of a mature dandelion. Zygospore(s): Product of fertilization and the site of meiosis in some molds. Biol 212 Exercise 3-3: Examination of Eukaryotic Microbes Fill in the blanks and answer questions:

Lab 2 (Examination of Eukaryotic Microbes) N ame:_____________________________ I. Theory A. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes (Table 3-3) 1. Prokaryotes: two domains- Archaea & Bacteria 2. Eukaryotes: one domain - Eukarya a) Kingdoms: Plants, Animals, Protists & Fungi (1) Microscopic – Protists & Fungi (a) Protists (protozoans & algae) (b) Fungi (yeasts & molds) II. Supergroup Excavata A. Unicellular, feeding groove, one or more flagella. B. Typical lifecycle typically includes both trophozoite & cyst. 1. Subgroup: Parabasalids a) Representative: 1. Trichomonas vaginalis Nucleus, Flagella, Undulating membrane, Hydrogenosomes Which sexually transmitted disease (STD) is cause by this organism? Trichomoniasis, Which can cause inflammation of the vulva, or vagina known as vulvovaginitis 2. Subgroup: Diplomonads a) Representative: 1. Giardia lamblia - trophozoite Mitosomes , Paired nuclei, Flagella (four pairs), Median bodies (2) In figure 3-13 Panel B can you see the four pairs of flagella? No 3. Subgroup: Euglenozoans a) Representative: 1. Euglena sp. Green, Photosynthetic, Mixotrophic, Flagella (1/2), Eyespot What structure gives these organisms their photosynthetic ability? Chloroplasts 4. Subgroup: Kinetoplastids a) Representative: 1. Trypanosoma brucei (gambiense or rhodesiense) (do not have slides in lab) One large mitochondrion What disease does this parasite cause? 2. Trypanosoma cruzi (slides we have in lab) Causes Chagas Disease, Throughout south and central America

Lab 2 (Examination of Eukaryotic Microbes) N ame:_____________________________ T. brucei gambiense is the main cause (≥ 98% of cases) of African sleeping sickness in sub -Saharan Africa. It is a neurological disease that commonly leads to meningitis (inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) (We didn’t look at this spe cies in the lab) This disease is transmitted by the Testi fly. T. cruzi targets the heart and gastrointestinal tract and causes Chagas Disease throughout South and Central America III. Supergroup: Archaeplastida A. Chloroplasts, Autotrophic, Cellulose cell walls 1. Subgroup: Chlorophyta (Green algae) Freshwater, unicellular, filamentous, or colonial, flagella (common) a) Representatives: (1) Chlamydomonas sp. Haploid, unicellular, chloroplast, flagella, stigma (2) Volvox sp. (prepared slide) Colonial, sexual reproduction, male (sperm bundles) and female colonies (eggs) Identify colony, daughter colonies Daughter colonies are the result of what type of reproduction? Asexual 2. Subgroup: Charophytes Close relatives to plants a) Representative: (1) Spirogyra sp. (prepared slide) Filamentous, haploid, conjugation, zygospore (sexual reproduction, diploid) Identify chloroplasts (spiral), nucleus, cell wall IV. Supergroup: Chromalveolata A. Got their plastids from an algal cell ancestor 1. Subgroup: Alveolates Heterotrophic or autotrophic, small membrane sacs beneath their cytoplasmic membrane a) Ciliates - Cilia, oral groove, cytosome Representatives: (1) Paramecium sp. (prepared slide & live culture if available) Identify macronucleus, cilia, oral groove and contractile vacuole (if live culture is available) (2) Stentor sp. Cilia, beaded macronucleus, cytosome, green (3) Balantidium coli - trophozoite (prepared slides) Identify cilia and macronucleus

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