Practice questions - with answers (Topic 8-16)

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Final exam practice questions (Topic 8-16). Multiple choice questions: 1. What is the role of the outer membrane in Gram negative bacteria? A. It is an adaptation to staining techniques that tend to damage the cell B. It prevents alcohol to penetrate inside the cell C. It protects the bacteria against antibiotics D. It allows the bacteria to move on its substrate E. It increases the rate of binary fission Answer: C Explanation: Staining techniques do not represent a selective force that leads to adaptation bacteria. The outer membrane is part of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and is dissolved by alcohol. It has no role in the movement of bacteria (unlike the flagellum) and it does not increase the rate of binary fission. The outer membrane prevents antibiotic molecules to penetrate inside the cell. 2. What is one advantage of sexual reproduction? A. Sexual reproduction can eliminate favourable allelic combinations B. Sexual reproduction increases the rate of cell division C. Sexual reproduction leads to multicellularity D. Sexual reproduction can increase the rate of adaptation in a changing environment E. Sexual reproduction always constitutes a disadvantage Answer: D Explanation: Sexual reproduction can eliminate deleterious alleles and deleterious allelic combinations and does not increase the rate of cell division. Sexually reproducing organisms are not all multicellular. Finally, sexual reproduction represents an advantage for organisms by creating new allelic combinations, some being favored by natural selection upon a change in the environment. 3. Why do we consider that placoid scales of Chondrichthyes are teeth derivatives? A. They contain dentine B. They are homologous structures C. They are structurally similar to the teeth of other vertebrates D. They contain enamel E. All of the above Answer: E Explanation: Chondricthyes (e.g. sharks) have placoid scales that derive from teeth evolutionarily speaking since the contain both enamel and dentine, and are considered homologous to the teeth of other vertebrates.

4. Which of the following can lead to the exponential growth of a bacterial population? A. Competition for nutrients B. A population size N equal to the carrying capacity K C. A population size N higher than the carrying capacity K D. Unlimited resources E. An increasing death rate Answer: D Explanation: Competition for nutrients and an increase of death rate are typical of stationary and mortality phases. During the exponential growth of a bacteria population, N (population size) is blow K (carrying capacity) and resources are typically unlimited. 5. In what chronological order did the following traits evolve? A. First the mesoderm, second the notochord, third calcium phosphate bones and fourth the amnion B. First the notochord, second the mesoderm, third calcium phosphate bones and fourth the amnion C. First calcium phosphate bones, second the mesoderm, third the amnion and fourth the notochord D. First the mesoderm, second the notochord, third the amnion and fourth calcium phosphate bones E. First the amnion, second the mesoderm, third the notochord and fourth calcium phosphate bones Answer: A Explanation: The mesoderm evolved first (found in all triploblastic animals), followed by the notochord (chordata), then calcium phosphate bones (ostheicthyes) and finally the amnion (in tetrapods whose reproduction is independent from water). 6. Which of the following biological interactions can be considered interspecific mutualism? A. Two lions cooperating with each other while hunting B. Pollination from a hummingbird feeding on a flower C. A lamprey feeding on the blood of a lake trout D. A population of mussels that have their population size regulated via starfish predation E. A relationship between two individuals from different species and from which only one benefits Answer: B Explanation: Mutualism is a biological interaction between two individuals from different species and in which both individuals receive a benefit. The lamprey is a species that parasites other fish species. Starfish and mussels have a predator-prey relationship.

7. Which of the following is typically found at the lowest trophic levels? A. Chemoheterotrophs B. Photoautotrophs C. Primary consumers D. Carnivores E. Omnivores Answer: B Explanation: Examples of photoautotrophs include plants and algae and are typically found at the lowest trophic levels because they convert solar energy into chemical energy that is further transferred to higher trophic levels (which include chemoheterotrophs, primary consumers, carnivores, and omnivores). 8. Which of the following is not an advantage of the amniotic egg during the development of the embryo? A. Air insulation B. Mechanical protection C. Independence from water D. Gas exchange in a moist environment E. All of the above confer an advantage during the development of the embryo Answer: E Explanation: All options listed were made possible by the evolution of the amniotic egg and confer an advantage as tetrapods colonized land and became more independent from the aquatic environment. 9. Lichens are examples of… A. Predation B. Competition C. Commensalism D. Mutualism E. Parasitism Answer: D Explanation: Lichens are examples of mutualism because both individuals from two distinct species (one alga and one fungus) benefit from one another. The fungus benefits from the sugars produced by the alga through photosynthesis and the alga benefits from the water, minerals, protection provided by the fungus.

10. What are cyclostomes? A. Vertebrates with jaws B. Invertebrates whose mouth is formed first during embryogenesis C. Tetrapods with lobed fins D. Vertebrates with a circular mouth E. Invertebrates that have an exoskeleton Answer: D Explanation: Cyclostomes are vertebrates without jaws and their mouth is circular. 11. Which of the following cannot explain the species richness found in the tropics? A. Lower extinction rates B. Increased resource partitioning C. More solar energy received D. Increased specialization E. Increased abundance of generalist species Answer: E Explanation: Tropical regions tend to have higher speciation rates and lower extinction rates, as well as increased resource partitioning, specialization and solar energy received. Temperate regions tend to have more generalists than tropical regions. Written answer questions: 1. Based on the following figure, explain the evolutionary importance of lobed-finned bony fish in the transition from water to land of vertebrates. ( 2 marks ). Answer: Evolutionarily speaking, lobed-finned fish are important in the transition of vertebrates from water to land because of the presence (in the fins) of an internal skeleton ( 0.5 mark ) to which muscles can attach ( 0.5 mark ). This allowed the first lobed-finned to craw/walk on substrate ( 0.5 mark ) and live in coastal lands ( 0.5 mark ).

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