Chapters8-10 Notes (1)

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  10% of the population deals with arthritis.  A ___articulation___ is a place of union or junction between two or more bones.  A ___sprain____ is the tearing of joint ligaments due to trauma.  A _hinge__ joint is a type of joint in which the movement is limited to flexion and extension in a single plane.  A convex surface fits into a concave surface. This describes a ____ joint. hinge  A joint in which the bones are connected by a disk of fibrocartilage is a  symphysis  A joint in which two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage is a(n) synchondrosis  A movement that increases the joint angle beyond the anatomic position is known as? hyperextension  A(n) ____ is an articulation in which the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. suture  A(n) __articulation___ is a place of union or junction between two or more bones.  abduction ____ moving the bones or limb away from midline of body  Abduction : is moving the bones or limb away from the midline of the body while the opposite is   Acetylcholinesterase: an enzyme in the postsynaptic neuron that breaks down acetylcholine  adduction ____moving bone or limb toward the midline  adduction  (add- DUCK -shun), which is moving the bone or limb toward the midline of the body  adduction___ is the act of moving the bones or limb toward the midline of the body.  Adrenaline/epinephrine a neurotransmitter also called epinephrine used by the autonomic nervous system; a hormone  Afferent peripheral system consists of afferent or sensory neurons that convey information from receptors in the periphery of the body to the brain and spinal cord  amphiarthrosis ____ are joints that allow only slight movement.  An acute inflammation due to the accumulation of uric acid crystals that commonly affects the big toe is called: gout  Another name for osteoarthritis, a condition that occurs especially in older individuals, is ___ degenerative joint disease___  Anterior or ventral gray horn part of the spinal cord  Anterior or ventral root point of attachment of the spinal nerve to the cord, also known as the motor root  Arachnoid mater the middle spinal or cranial meninx  articular cartilage receives its nourishment from the ______. synovial fluid  articulation ___ is a place of union or junction between two or more bones. (joint)regardless of degree of movement allowed by union  Astrocytes star-shaped cells that twine around nerve cells to form a supporting network in the brain and spinal cord  Autonomic nervous system (ANS) conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands  Axon terminals the endings of axons  ball and socket____ is an example of multiaxial joint, where a ball-shaped head fits into a concave socket. ex.? (2) ball-and-socket ex. hip & shoulder  Bipolar neurons sensory neurons that consist of one dendrite and one axon

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Bursae are closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining. can be found where? Bursae. found in spaces of connective tissue between tendons, ligaments, and bones. wherever friction can develop.  Central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord  Circumduction  (sir-kum- DUCK -shun) is moving the bone in such a way that the end of the bone or limb describes a circle in the air and the sides of the bone describe a cone in the air  circumduction___ moving the bone is such a way that the end of bone or limb describes a circle in the air and sides of bones describe a cone in the air  condyloid joint ___ is a biaxial joint that consists of an oval-shaped condyle that fits into an elliptical cavity. aka? Ex; -aka ellipsoidal joint-wrist, some carpals. can flex and extend hand at wrist (raising hand to signal STOP), and also abduct/adduct (like when waving bye)  def biaxial joint motion is possible in two planes at right angles to each other ex. wrist joint, and carpal bones can flex and extend hand at wrist (raising hand to signal STOP), and also abduct/adduct (like when waving bye)  def uniaxial joints where motion is restricted to one plane ex. knee, elbow, phalanges  Degenerative joint disease (DJD) commonly affects the knee joints because they are major weight-bearing joints  Degenerative joint disease, a condition affecting the weight-bearing joints, is also known as osteoarthritis  Depolarization reversal of electrical charge  depression  is lowering a part of the body.  Depression___ is lowering a part of the body  diarthroses are always characterized by the presence of a ____ enclosed by a ___. cavity enclosed by a capsule. fibrous/joint capsule is lined on inside w synovial membrane, =synovial fluid. decrease friction  Dopamine a neurotransmitter  dorsiflexion___ is raising the foot up at the ankle joint  Dura mater the outermost spinal or cranial meninx  Efferent peripheral system consists of efferent or motor neurons that convey information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands  Elevation  is raising a part of the body  elevation___ is raising a part of the body  Endorphins neurotransmitters  Ependymal cells line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain; produce and move cerebrospinal fluid through the CNS  eversion ____ moving the sole of foot outward at the ankle  Eversion is moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle  extension act of increasing the angle between bones and is opposite of flexion  fibrositis __ when in lower back. inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue in a joint. It is commonly called rheumatism by the layman. If it is in the lower back, it is commonly called lumbago  Flexion  ( FLEK -shun) is the act of bending or decreasing the angle between bones.  flexion___ is act of bending or decreasing the angle between bones  flexion___ is pushing the foot down at the ankle joint plantar  Ganglia nerve cell bodies grouped together outside the central nervous system  Glial cells cells that perform support and protection

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Neurons nerve cell that transmits impulses  Nissl bodies/chromatophilic substance ribosomes attached to the rough ER in a neuron; also called chromatophilic substance  Nodes of Ranvier/neurofibril nodes gaps in the myelin sheath; also called neurofibral nodes  Norepinephrine hormone produced by the adrenal medulla; noradrenaline  Oligodendroglia provide support by forming semirigid connective-like tissue rows between neurons in the brain and spinal cord; also called oligodendrocytes  Opposition  is movement that occurs only with the thumb and is unique to primates  opposition___ is movement that occurs only w the thumb and is unique to primates. tip of thumb and fingers are brought together.  OSTEOARTHRITIS ____ occurs with advancing age especially in people in their 70s. It is more common in overweight individuals and affects the weight-bearing joints. how can you maintain it? aka degenerative joint disease exercise  Parasympathetic division part of the autonomic nervous system that operates under normal nonstressful conditions  Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles, and glands  Pia mater the innermost spinal or cranial meninx  Posterior or dorsal gray horn part of the spinal cord; also known as dorsal gray horn  Posterior or dorsal root the sensory root containing only sensory nerve fibers; also known as dorsal root  Pronation is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are not parallel  pronation___ moving the bones of forearm so that radius and ulna are NOT parallel. palm face down.  P rotraction  (pro- TRACK -shun) is moving a part of the body forward on a plane parallel to the ground  protraction___ moving a part of the body forward on a plane parallel to the ground (jaw)  Reflex arc the pathway that results in a reflex  Reflex an involuntary reaction to an external stimulus  Repolarization restoration of electrical charge  reposition ____ occurs when the digits return to their normal positions.  retraction ______ moving a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground (jaw)  Retraction  (rih- TRACK -shun) is moving a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground.  rheumatic fever ____ is a disease involving a mild bacterial infection. if undetected in childhood, the bacterium can be carried by the bloodstream to the joints, resulting in possible development of rheumatoid arthritis later on in life.  rheumatoid arthritis ____ is a connective tissue disorder resulting in severe inflammation of small joints. cause? symptoms? -unknown. a genetic factor maybe involved, or autoimmune reaction may be involved in which an immune reaction develops against a person's own tissues - The synovial membranes of the joints and connective tissues grow abnormally to form a layer in the joint capsule. This layer grows into the articulating surfaces of the bones, destroying cartilage and fusing the bones of the joint.  rotation act of moving the bone around a central axis; the plane is perpendicular to the axis.  Rotation  (row- TAY -shun) is the act of moving the bone around a central axis; the plane of rotational motion is perpendicular to the axis, as when rotating our head.

Bianca Highsmith-Propst MED 116-830A: Intro to A&P Chapters 8-10 Notes  Schwann cells/neurolemmocytes form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system  Sensory or afferent neuron a neuron in contact with receptors; it detects changes in the external environment; also called afferent neuron  Serotonin hormone secreted by the pineal gland that acts as a neurotransmitter and vasoconstrictor  Somatic nervous system conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to skeletal muscle, causing us to respond or react to changes in our external environment  Spinal meninges a series of connective tissue membranes specifically associated with the spinal cord  subcutaneous ____ bursae are found under the skin wherever the skin is on top of an underlying bony process, like the knee joint. bursae  subfascial ____ bursae are located between the muscles, and found above the fascia of one muscle and below fascia of another. bursae  supination ____ moving bones of forearm so that radius and ulna are parallel. palm face up.  Supination is moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel  suture____ is an articulation where the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, and have no movement. Suture a synarthroses. ex. skull  Sympathetic division part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations that require energy expenditure  Symphysis ____ are joints where bones are connected by a disk of fibrocartilage. an amphiarthrosis. ex. pubic symphysis where 2 pelvic bones join. slightly moves during birth.  Synapses areas where the terminal branches of an axon are anchored close to, but not touching, the ends of the dendrites of another neuron  synarthroses are joints or unions between bones that do not allow movement -syn as prefix means? Synarthroses -syn means joined together  Synchondrosis ____ are joints where two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage. cartilage is replaced by bone later in life. an amphiarthroses. ex. joint between epiphyses and diaphysis of bone. aka epiphysial/growth plate. at end of long bones. ex. ribs connect to sternum.  Syndesmosis ____ are types of joints where the bones are connected by ligaments between the bones. these bones move as one when rotated. (ses=plural) a synarthroses.ex. radius+ulna, fibula+tibia (Interroseous membrane)  Synovial fluid has two functions: creating a gliding surface and nourishing: articular cartilage  Synovial sac inflammation is called? bursitis  The ____ joint is sometimes called an ellipsoidal joint condyloid  The act of increasing the angle between bones is extension  The capsule of a joint contains which of the following? collagen fibers, ligaments, muscles and their tendons  The femur joins with the tibia at its distal end and fits into what at its proximal end? Acetabulum  The hip and shoulder are examples of what type of joint? ball and socket  The inflammation of the fibrous connective tissue in a joint is ___ ___. primary fibrositis  The joint between the atlas vertebra and the axis vertebra is an example of a __pivot___ joint  The joint in which an extension of one bone rotates in a second arch-shaped bone is called: pivot joint