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The University of Queensland *

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Chemistry

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Oct 30, 2023

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3

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(if ion) electrons = atomic number - charge (group is up and down) (period is left and right) __________________________________________________________ ATOM (NEUTRAL): _____________________________________________________________________________________ [ electrons = protons] [protons = atomic number] [ neutrons = mass number - atomic number] IONS (GAIN [ CATION] OR LOSS [ ANION]) : _____________________________________________________________________________________ ISOTOPES: same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons. (variants) ___________________________________________________________________________ AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS atomic mass: mass number (amu) * abundance (%) + mass number (amu) * abundance (%) = measurement (amu)
Alkali metals - highly reactive (good conductors) Alkaline earth metals - somewhat reactive (good conductors) (metallic) Transition metals - somewhat reactive (good conductors) Halogens - most react ive (toxic) Noble gasses - non-reactive ( colorless, odorless) __________________________________________________________ EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE (Zeff) [protons - inner electrons shells] As you move across, each element has one more proton and one more electron, and the pull from the nucleus increases. top to bottom - > enc decreases left to right - > enc increases ____________________________________________________________________________ Positive ions are smaller than neutral atoms force is shared among fewer electrons Negative ions are larger than neutral atoms repulsion between electrons increase, but nuclear charge stays same
ATOMIC RADIUS explanation: ( distance from center of an atom to outermost cells) (more shells are added, larger it gets) top to bottom - > atomic radius increases left to right - > atomic radius decreases REACTIVITY : METALS (lose electrons, lower force of attraction outer electrons, greater reactivity) top to bottom - > reactivity increases left to right - > reactivity decreases NON-METALS (gain electrons, greater force of attraction outer electrons, greater reactivity) top to bottom - > reactivity decreases left to right - > reactivity increases IONIZATION ENERGY explanation: ( energy required to remove the highest-energy electron from a neutral atom.) ( greater atomic radius, further electrons, less energy to remove) top to bottom - > ionization energy decreases left to right - > ionization energy increases ELECTRON AFFINITY explanation: (ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself.) ( smaller atomic radius, closer electrons, easier to attract) top to bottom - > electron affinity decreases left to right - > electron affinity increases
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