Hydrocarbon Lab
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Hydrocarbon Lab
6/9/21
Dr. Hayes
Hannah Aldridge
Introduction
Hydrocarbons are nonpolar organic compounds which contain only carbon and hydrogen. They are
classified depending on structure and how many carbon bonds there are. Hydrocarbons can contain single,
double, or triple bonds. Single bonds are alkane, double bonds are alkene, and triple bonds are alkyne. Carbons
can also be linked in a closed cycle containing a benzene rings. These cyclic hydrocarbons are called aromatics.
Below in figures 1 – 3 are examples of alkane, alkene, and an aromatic, respectively.
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Figure 3:
Some hydrocarbons are saturated and others are unsaturated. What this means is that, in an
unsaturated hydrocarbon, there is at least one carbon-carbon double or triple bond. In a saturated hydrocarbon,
this is primarily composed of carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen single bonds. Alkanes are typically the
saturated hydrocarbons while all other types are unsaturated. Saturated hydrocarbons are at max capacity for
hydrogen present with given amounts of carbon in a compound, thus, one cannot add more hydrogen. Acyclic
alkanes are saturated. Figures 4 and 5 will depict a catalyst of hydrogen being added to unsaturated compounds
with the results of a saturated compound.
Figure 4:
Figure 5:
Some of the physical properties observed in hydrocarbons its immiscibility with polar solvents is
due to their hydrocarbons resulting from non-polar characters of compounds. They will, however, mix with
relatively non-polar solvents like ligroin (a mix of alkenes), carbon tetrachloride (
CC l
4
) or dichlormethane (
C H
2
C l
2
¿
. Most hydrocarbons float in water because of their density being less than that of water.
Hydrocarbons are molecules that have little to no electronegative atoms. Therefore, they are soluble in low
polarity solvents but not water because water is extremely polar.
Chemical reactivity of hydrocarbons are determined by the type of bond in the compound. Saturated
hydrocarbons burn though they are typically unreactive to most reagents. These alkanes do undergo substitution
reactions with halogens but have to have an activation by ultraviolet light for reactions to begin. Unsaturated
hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) burn as well as react to the addition of reagents to double or triple bonds.
In combustion the major component in ‘natural gas’ is the hydrocarbon methane. Other hydrocarbons
used for heating are propane and butane. The products from combustion are carbon dioxide and water with heat
being evolved. In the figures below will be two examples of combustion equations.
Figure 6:
C H
4
+
2
O
2
→C O
2
+
2
H
2
O
+
Heat
Figure 7:
C H
3
C H
2
C H
3
+
5
O
2
→
3
C O
2
+
4
H
2
O
+
Heat
In reactions with bromine, unsaturated hydrocarbons react quickly with bromine in solutions such as
carbon tetrachloride or cyclohexane. The reaction is the addition of bromine elements to the multiple carbon
bonds. Alkenes will react with bromine in solutions producing an alkyl bromide. The normal yellow/orange
color of bromine will disappear as it reacts with the alkenes. Single carbon bonds have no reaction. See below,
figures 8, to see examples of bromine being added to alkenes.
Figure 8:
However, aromatic compounds resist the addition reaction because of their aromaticity, or their closed
loop of electrons. These instead need a catalyst in order to react with bromine, a catalyst such as iron or
aluminum chloride. As seen below, an example. Substitutions take place and produces gasses such as HBr.
Figure 9:
In reactions with concentrated sulfuric acid, alkenes react with cold concentrated sulfuric acid by
addition. Alkyl sulfuric acids for as a byproduct and is easily dissolved in
H
2
SO
4
.
Figure 10:
Saturated hydrocarbons are unreactive. Alkynes react slowly and need a catalyst, and aromatic
compounds are unreactive as well.
The purpose of this lab was to investigate the physical properties, solubility, and density of
heptane, cyclohexane, 1-hexyne, and toluene as well as determining the nature of three unknowns.
Table of physical constants
:
Table 1
Name
Formula
Mass
Mp (C
°
)
Bp (C
°
)
Density(kg/
m
3
¿
Heptane
C
7
H
16
100.21g/mo
l
-90.55
98.42
684
Cyclohexane
C
6
H
12
84.16 g/mol
7.00
80.74
779
1-hexyne
C
6
H
10
82.14 g/mol
-132.00
71.00
730
Toluene
C
7
H
8
92.14 g/mol
-95.00
110.60
867
Sulfuric acid
H
2
SO
4
98.08 g/mol
10.00
337.00
1830
Potassium
Permanganat
e
KMnO
4
158.03
g/mol
240.00
100.00
2700
Hydrochloric
acid
HCl
36.46 g/mol
-114.20
-85.05
1.49
Water
H
2
O
18.02 g/mol
0
100
997
Acetone
C
3
H
6
O
58.08 g/mol
-95.00
56.00
784
Mineral water
82.2 g/mol
-73.00
90-140
6560
The materials used
:
1.
Heptane (alkane); LOT- 071053
2.
Cyclohexene (alkene); LOT- 3AHJ17X025, Exp: AUG/15
3.
1-Hexyne (alkyne); LOT- 10203927
4.
Toluene (aromatic); LOT- 207986
5.
Sulfuric acid
6.
Potassium permanganate
7.
Hydrochloric acid
8.
Water
9.
Mineral water
10. Acetone
11. 42 10x75mm test tubes
12. Pipettes
13. Unknown substances A-C
Procedure:
A)
Each test tube was labeled with the respective hydrocarbon names and unknowns. There was six test
tubes of heptane, cyclohexane, 1-hexyne, toluene, unknown A, unknown B, and unknown C that had
a total of forty two test tubes. Each test tube had ten drops of each hydrocarbon and unknown.
Sulfuric acid, potassium permanganate, hydrochloric acid, water, ligroin, and acetone were added
respectfully to tubes one through six. This step was repeated for all except sulfuric acid for each set
or hydrocarbons and unknowns.
Each test tube was filled and stirred by holding the neck of the test tube and striking the bottom o
the tube gently several times. It was then allowed to rest for a minute to determine the miscibility
and any color changes were noted along with any exothermic reactions.
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Related Questions
9. Give the compound name, functional group name, and organic family name in each
Ose. Classify alcohols as primary (1°), secondary (2 ), or tertiary (3").
Organic
family
Functional
Formula
Compound name
group name
CH3-CHz-CH-CH2-OH
1.
CH3
CH,-CH,-0-CH,-CH,-CH,
||
CH,-CH,
C-H
CH
CH,-C-CH-CH,-CH,
CH-CH-CH- CH- COOH
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13. The alkyl radical formed when a hydrogen atom is being removed from the second carbon of a
normal four-carbon alkane is always
a) a normal alkyl.
14. Disubtituted benzene compound with two attached groups that are opposite to each other is
a) a meta isomer.
15. Two alkyl groups that are attached to the same C atom which has a double-bonded O atom is
a) an aldehyde.
b) an isoalkyl.
c) a secondary alkyl.
d) a tertiary alkyl.
b) a para isomer.
c) an ortho isomer.
d) a beta isomer.
b) an alcohol.
c) a carboxylic acid.
d) a ketone.
16. Which of the following organic compounds are not capable of hydrogen bonding by themselves?
a) ketones.
17. The hydrocarbon which can undergo substitution bromination reaction.
a) alkane
18. The minor product between the unsymmetrical butene and HBr is
a) 1,2- dibromobutane.
19. Which of the following amines does not belong to the same group?
a) aniline
c) dimethylamine
b) carboxylic acids
c) amines
d) alcohols
b) alkene
c) alkyne
d) cycloalkene
b)…
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12.
arrow_forward
Organic Chemistry 1 (CHEM313)-Worksheet 02
1. Draw the structure of the molecule based on the IUPAC (systematic) name.
cyclobutylcyclohexane
2,2,3,3-tetramethylheptane
3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane
4,4,5-tripropyloctene
1,1,2,2,3,3-hexamethylcyclopropane
3-pentylcyclohept-1-ene
2-methyl-1-nitrobutane
4-methylhex-2-yne
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Draw the line bond structures for the following alkenes, cyclic alkenes, and alkynes:
Can you explain to me about this part A) noncyclic alkenes that contain 4 carbon atoms (3 possible), please?
Can you explain to me about this part B) cyclic alkenes that contain 4 carbon atoms (4 possible), please?
Can you explain to me about this part C) alkynes that contain 4 carbon atoms (2 possible, neither of them is a cyclic alkyne), please?
arrow_forward
naming a chemical compound. I'm currently learning how to name alkanes and alkyl halides. Im confused about the compound ethanal, or acetaldehyde. The second carbon has a double bond on its hydrogen, so I'm wondering why the infix is "an" instead of "en". Frpm the table of infixes, it says "an" is for single bonds. Can someone help me understand
arrow_forward
I want a solution in steps
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Which alkene is required to complete the reaction in Figure 10? *
A
B
C
D
All of these alkenes will form this alcohol.
arrow_forward
Compounds with two carbonyl groups are named as alkane diones, for example:
R
2,3-butanedione
The compound above is an artificial flavor added to microwave popcorn and movie-theater popcorn to simulate the butter flavor.
Interestingly, this very same compound is also known to contribute to body odor. Name the following compounds:
cyclohexane-1,3-dione
cycloheptane-1,4-dione
gily
nonane-2,8-dione
arrow_forward
I need help with number 16
arrow_forward
Give one possibility for the mystery reactant R in this organic reaction:
R + H₂
Pu
CH3
No reaction.
CH3-CH₂-CH₂-CH-CH3
Specifically, in the drawing area below draw the condensed structure of what R might be. There may be more than one correct answer.
Note: keep in mind that the equation above states R and H₂ are present in a 1:1 mole ratio.
Click anywhere to draw the first
atom of your structure.
с с
X
cx
1)
arrow_forward
i Ii. In. * e
A M 1:-r
CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH3
C2H5
Br
2-bromo-4-methylhexane
2-bromo-4-ethylpentane
This compound CH3CH2CH is
primary carbon
secondary carbon
tertiary carbon
اكتب اسمك الرباعي بال لغه العربيه
إجابتك
* Weak acid has Ka is less than 1
true
False
II
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What is the organic product?
столосно
NaOC₂H₂
H+
+
CH-CH-C-OCHS
CH+CH.C
HOC₂H5
CH3
III.
I.
C₂H₂O
CH O
II.
CH3-C
CH3
CH-CH-C--OC₂H
CH3
OH
C₂H₂OCH
CH O
CH3-C-C-OC₂HS
CH3
IV.
C₂H₂O
0
CH3-C-C-OC₂HS
CH3
arrow_forward
Hexane is a hydrocarbon with multiple isomers. Rank these isomers
in order of decreasing boiling points.
(Make sure you can justify your reasoning.)
II
III
A. I > || > II
B. I> III >||
C. I| > I > II
D. II > I >||
E. III > || > I
arrow_forward
Chapter 5: Aromatic Hydrocarbons/Compounds
1. On the structure shown below, indicate the Ortho, Meta and Para positions to the
substituent X.
2. Give names for the following compounds.
NO2
ÇH2CH3
AF
Br
CHCH,CH,CH2CH3
CI
ОН
Cl
NO2.
3. Draw a reaction for electrophilic aromatic substitution.
arrow_forward
STPTEM
Chapter 2: Aliphatic Hydrocarbon
B. Write name of the following using traditional or IUPAC rules as
indicated below the molecules
10
CH2- CH2- CH3
Br
CH3
ČH2 - CH, - CH2-CH2-C-CH2-CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
(Use IUPAC)
CH2- CH3
CH3
H2
CH
HC.
H3C
H2
CH2- CH2- CH2- CH3
CH3
Br
13
CH3
Br
CH3-CEC-CH-CH2-CH-CH3
14
CH2- CH3
CH2- CH2- CH3
CH3- CH CH-C- CH2-CH3
CH2- CH3
15
CH3
CHEC-C-CH3
CH2- CH2- CH3
How Well Did You Perform?
Remember that it is your leaming at stake. Please be honest.
Çriteria for Assessment: Point System
arrow_forward
1. Identify the SYSTEMATIC name of the aliphatic hydrocarbon
a. 1-pentenyicyclopentane
b. 1-cyclopentylpent-2-yne
c. 1-pentenecyclopent-2-yne
d. 1-pentenyicyclopentane
2. Identify the SYSTEMATIC name of the aliphatic hydrocarbon
a. Trans-1,2-propylcyclopropane
b. Trans-1,2-diisopropylcyclopropane
c. Cis-1,2-propylcyclopropane
d. Cis-1,2-diisopropylcyclopropane
3. Identify the SYSTEMATIC name of the aliphatic hydrocarbon
3,10-dimethyl-2-decacen-6-yne
3,10-dimethyl-2-dodocen-6-yne
3,10-dimethyl-10-decacen-6-yne
d. 3,10-dimethyl-10-dodocen-6-yne
a.
b.
C.
4. Identify which type of isomer the following structures represent
HO
a. Skeletal Isomer
b. E/Z isomer
c. Cis/Trans isomer
OH
OH
d.
Positional isomer
5. Identify which type of isomer the following structures represent
a. Skeletal Isomer
Br
b. E/Z isomer
c Cis/Trans isomer
Br
d. Positional isomer
arrow_forward
Only answer Question 8: A, B, & C Please.
arrow_forward
Pls help ASAP. Pls circle the final answer
arrow_forward
Structure (Skeleton)
HO
H₂C-
H₂C
CH3
CH3
—CH
CH3
ECH
CH3 CH3
Table 3: Naming Alkynes
No. of Carbon
Name of Organic
in Parent Chain
Compound
Description (Common Name,
Industrial/Commercial uses,
Hazards if any)
om 1:2022-2023
arrow_forward
please draw the condensed structural formula of the following compounds
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Organic Chemistry
15.
ADLC Assignment Booklet A3
Decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F). Place your answer in
the blank space given.
a. A hydrocarbon molecule with a triple bond is more stable than
a hydrocarbon molecule with all single bonds.
b. The difference between butter and corn oil is that the
hydrocarbon molecule in butter contains a double carbon-
carbon bond.
c. A bent shape is the property that accounts for many of the
healthy properties of oleic acid present in corn oil.
d. A diet with no fat is the healthiest diet.
e. In an industrially produced trans fat, only the relative position
of the hydrogen atoms on either side of the double bond is
changed.
f. Trans fatty acids have a greater likelihood of clogging arteries
because they tend to be solids at room temperature.
arrow_forward
Classify each of the following hydrocarbons as saturated or unsaturated.
Ethylcyclopentane
Ethylcyclopentene
1,3-butadiene
2-methyl-2-pentene
2-methylcyclopentene
1,2-cyclopentadiene
2,3-dimethylpentane
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can you answer the question #1 and #2.
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Pyrethrins, such as jasmolin II (shown below), are a group of natural compounds that are synthesized
by flowers of the genus Chrysanthemum (known as pyrethrum flowers) to act as insecticides.
CH3
CH2=CH-CH.
CH-C-
-HCS
0-CH,
CH,-C
H2C-
ČH,
Which is not a functional group or structural feature in jasmolin II?
cycloalkane
carboxylic acid
ester
alkene
arrow_forward
9
arrow_forward
Naming alkyl side chains
For each organic compound in the table below, name the highlighted side chain.
Note for advanced students: don't include the locant of the side chain.
HO
HO
-
compound
CH3
|
CH₂
C
-
CH
|
-
-
C
-
OH
-
|
CH₂— CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂
O
O
-
C
-
CH
-
C - OH
-
CH₂-
-
-
CH₂— CH₂ –
-
-
CH, CH, CH, ― CH₂
|
CH₂
-
OC OH
-
-
-
CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH – CH2-CH3
name of highlighted
side chain
☑
18
Ar
A⚫
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