ATMS120_Lab1_SU23 (1)

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ATMS 120: Summer 2023 Name and NetID: Jai’el Blackmon jaiellb2 Please include a picture of your iCard. Lab #1: Atmospheric Temperature, Pressure, and Moisture (75 points) These labs are designed to take you beyond what is taught in the lectures by applying what we have learned to new situations. These labs require calculations and you must show your work to earn credit. It is through the completion of these assignments that we really explore the Quant II credit for this class. Finally, if you need help, please ask on the discussion boards! We are here to help! Do not be intimidated by these assignments, even if you haven’t taken a math class or used spreadsheet software, you can still earn very high grades. Just ask questions on the discussion boards and watch the weekly update videos. Copyright It is a violation of University of Illinois Copyright Policy to upload any part of this document to a 3 rd party website. Part #1: Short Answer Questions 2 point each 1. What is a temperature inversion? Any layer of atmosphere where the temperature increases with height. 2. If Earth’s atmosphere was composed entirely of Nitrogen and Oxygen, would the globally averaged surface air temperature increase or decrease compared to our current globally averaged surface air temperature? Earth without GHG would have an average surface air temperature of 0 degrees fahrenheit. Earth with GHG would have an average surface air temperature of 59 degrees fahrenheit. We can conclude that if the Earth were to only have nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere, the average air temperature would decrease as there is nothing to hold/disperse IF energy around the atmosphere. 3. What are the four layers of the atmosphere? 1 © 2023 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

ATMS 120: Summer 2023 Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere 4. Why does warm air rise? The sun’s rays heat the ground and the ground heats the air causing the air to rise and eventually cool and sink back down the the surface where it is later heated again by the ground. 5. If the Earth’s tilt on its axis were to increase by 35 degrees, at what latitude would you find the Tropic of Capricorn? 23.5 degrees + 35 degrees = 58.5 degrees. We would find the Tropic of Capricorn at 58.5 degrees. Part #2: Short Answer Questions 2 point each 1. Why does the air in Earth’s atmosphere not drift off into outer space? Gravity keeps air from drifting off into outer space. 2. Why is the air pressure always lower in Denver, CO, than in Champaign, IL? Denver has a higher elevation than Champaign, air pressure decreases with height. 3. You just downloaded a barometer app on your phone and you are tracking how the pressure changes during a weekend at home. You notice the pressure has been steadily increasing. Because of this you expect conditions outside to (improve, deteriorate, stay the same). I expect the weather to improve. 4. Hurricane Ian made landfall on September 28 th , 2022 near Cayo Costa in southwestern Florida. Once Ian weakened and moved towards South Carolina, how would the air pressure in Cayo Costa compare to when Hurricane Ian was directly over the area? (the same, greater than, less than)? The air pressure was greater when Hurricane Ian was directly over the sea vs when it got to Cayo Costa. 5. You head out to the quad to fly a kite. Do you want there to be a strong pressure gradient or a weak pressure gradient in your area? I would want a strong pressure gradient in my area. 2 © 2023 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

ATMS 120: Summer 2023 Part #3: Short-answer questions on Water in the Atmosphere 2 point each 1. True or False: Water vapor is what you see when you breath out on a cold day. False you cannot see water vapor. 2. Every night when the sun sets, the air temperature decreases. How does the relative humidity change (increase, decrease, or stay the same) when the air temperature decreases? RH decreases as the temperature and the dew point temperature start to get further apart. 3. Throughout the year, weather conditions change rapidly in Champaign-Urbana. During the summer months, strong southerly winds often bring high-dewpoint air from the Gulf of Mexico northward into the Midwest. How do these strong southerly winds affect the vapor pressure? (Increase, Decrease, stay the same, you need to know the temperature to answer this question) I expect VP to increase, this is because VP increases with dewpoint temperature. 4. A beer koozie is designed to keep a beer cold. The koozie is effective at blocking heat transfer from your warm hand into the cold beer and it also prevents condensation from forming on the side of the beer. Why does preventing condensation on a beer bottle keep the beer cool on a hot humid day? Very briefly explain. If water vapor comes in contact with the bottle this initiates condensation, and as we know this heating process causes the “coolness” of the beer to be released into the atmosphere. 5. During a fall day, the temperature in Chicago, IL, was 54°F, the dewpoint was 48°F, and relative humidity was 92%. On a hot day last summer, Dallas, TX, recorded a temperature of 105°F, a dewpoint of 34°F, and a relative humidity of 10%. In which city was there more moisture in the air? Very briefly explain. Chicago had more moisture in the air as the dew point temperature was higher. Part #4: Atmospheric Pressure – Calculate the Mass of the Atmosphere 10 points You are a scientist studying the possibility of living on a new “mini-Earth” recently discovered. Part of your job is to analyze the atmosphere. The average ground level pressure of the new atmosphere is 635 mb, or 9.2 pounds per square inch (compared to the 14.7 psi on Earth). Using this information, calculate the total mass of the new atmosphere. Convert your final answer to kilograms. Assume that mini-Earth is a sphere and that the elevation of the surface is exactly the same everywhere. Hint: The formula for the surface area of a sphere is S = 4πr 2 , where r = the radius of mini-Earth = 3950 km. Ignore gravity. Show all work in the space provided below. 3 © 2023 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

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ATMS 120: Summer 2023 9.2lb/in2 x 1kg/2.2 x (39.37m)^2/m^2 = 14,259 Kg/m^2 14,259 Kg/m^2 x 4pi (3.95x10^6m)m^2 = 2.7957164657x10^18 Kg Part #5: Changes in Atmospheric Pressure 1 point each For each of the situations given below, how would you expect the pressure to change? In the space next to each question, write “increase”, “decrease” or “stays the same”. 1. Take an elevator to the top of the Eiffel Tower. Decrease 2. Living on the coast of Puerto Rico as Hurricane Fiona’s eye approaches. Decrease 3. Ascending in an airplane from the ground to cruising altitude. Decrease 4. Drive from Tampa, FL (elevation = 48 ft above sea level) to Champaign (elevation = 764 feet above sea level). Decrease Part #6: Seasons 1 point each Complete the following tasks on the map below. 4 © 2023 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

ATMS 120: Summer 2023 1. Place the letter “A” at a location that has 24 hours of darkness on June 21 st . 2. Place the letter “B” at a location that has direct sunlight (90-degrees above the horizon) at noon on September 21 st . 3. Place the letter “C” at a location that has direct sunlight (90-degrees above the horizon) at noon on Dec 21 st . 4. Place the letter “D” at a location that experiences 24 hours of sunlight during the Northern Hemisphere summer. 5. Place the letter “E” at a location that never receives direct sunlight at noon. 6. Place the letter “F” at a location that has 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness on March 21 st . 7. What day of the year will Champaign, IL, have its highest solar elevation angle at noon? (In other words, on what day is the sun the highest in the sky at noon?) June 21st 8. If I am buying a new house and want to make sure the sunrise doesn’t wake me in the morning, in what direction do I want my bedroom windows facing? South Facing Part #7: Graphing Earth’s Temperature 10 points total Download the earth’s temperature excel doc from Moodle. The data in the spreadsheet are the yearly globally-averaged temperatures from 1880 to 2022. Please complete the following tasks. If you don’t have Microsoft Excel on your computer YOU CAN GET IT FOR FREE from the University of Illinois Webstore (click the link on the assignment or see the link on Canvas and please download the desktop version and not the web-based version). 1. Let’s use the 20 th century average global temperature of 14°C as a base temperature. Create a new column of data that shows each year’s temperature anomaly using this base temperature. Anomalies are calculated by taking the value – average. 2. Create a line graph or a bar graph of the anomalies that you just calculated. Your y-axis should display the temperature anomalies and your x-axis should display the year. 5 © 2023 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

ATMS 120: Summer 2023 3. Create a line graph or a bar graph of the original temperature data but only use the data from 1970-2022. Your y-axis should be display the temperatures and your x-axis should display the year. Add a linear trendline to this graph (right click on the data on the graph and select trendline). Be sure to display the equation of this trendline on the graph (this can be done by clicking on the “Format Trendline” option). * Stops on visual graph at 2020 but does include data up to 2022. 4. Include a screenshot of all of your graphs when you submit your assignment to Canvas. Answer the following questions pertaining to this dataset. 6 © 2023 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

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ATMS 120: Summer 2023 1. Which year had the largest positive anomaly and how much warmer than average was that year in Celsius? 2020 had the largest positive anomaly with .98. This year was .98 warmer than the 14 celsius global average. 2. Find the average anomaly for the 1882-1892) and for 2012-2022). What is the difference between the two numbers? 0.916 - (-0.233) = 1.149 or -1.149 flipped around 2012-2022 avg = 0.916 1882 - 1892 avg = -0.233 The average temperature in the 80s-90s was lower than 2010’s-20’s. 3. Examine the trendline you plotted on your second graph. What is the slope of that line? (remember that the slope is value of “m” in the equation y = mx+b) Slope is 0.0177 4. Using the slope of the trendline you just created, what would earth’s average temperature be 2100 (79 years from now) assuming the temperature trend continues? (remember the trendline starts in 1970) y = (0.0177)(79)+(13.964)= 15.3623 C Part #8: Atmospheric Pressure – Pressure vs. Height 8 points- 4 for the graph and 1 for each pressure Listed below are the air pressures measured at a variety of locations. We have been learning in class that air pressure decreases exponentially with height. Let’s prove that point by graphing air pressure vs. height to see if the decrease is exponential. Please perform the following tasks: 7 © 2023 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

ATMS 120: Summer 2023 Tasks: 1. Please enter these data into a spreadsheet (e.g., Microsoft Excel) 2. For all locations except the last 4, create a scatterplot with air pressure on the y-axis and elevation on the x-axis. 3. Right click on the data points on your graph and selected “Add Trendline”. Choose the “Exponential” type of trendline and then be sure to select the option that allows you to display the equation on the chart. 4. Double click on the equation displayed on the chart to edit it. Under the “Number” option, click “Number” from the category list and change the decimal places to be 7. 5. Using the trendline equation, calculate the air pressure at the 4 remaining locations and enter those values into your spreadsheet. 6. Overlay your last name on your graph. 7. Include a screenshot of all of your work (including the graph and the table) when you submit your assignment to Moodle. 8 © 2023 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

ATMS 120: Summer 2023 Part #9: Humidifiers (see the Figure below to help you with these questions) Situation #1: Imagine that you work at the Art Institute of Chicago and that you are responsible for setting up a new display of priceless paintings that are on loan to the museum. These paintings must be kept in an environment with a constant relative humidity of 65% and a constant air temperature of 68°F (20°C). To maintain this environment, the gallery has a whole room humidifier unit attached to the furnace to keep the humidity at 65% all winter. Late one night, you receive an emergency phone call from the museum alerting you to a large drop in the humidity at the gallery. The humidifier has malfunctioned and the hygrometers in the room are measuring a relative humidity of 12%. Questions (1 points each): 1. What is the saturation vapor pressure (SVP) in the art gallery? 23.4 mb 2. What is the vapor pressure in the art gallery when the relative humidity dropped to 12%? (12x23.8)/100 = 2.808 3. What was the dewpoint temperature in the art gallery when the relative humidity dropped to 12%? Td = 68 - ((100-12)/5) = 50.4 9 © 2023 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

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ATMS 120: Summer 2023 As you rush to the gallery, you stop by the store and buy a humidifier to place in the room to help raise the humidity while the maintenance crew fixes the humidifier attached to the furnace. After 10 minutes of running your humidifier, the relative humidity reaches to 50%, and the alarm turns off. By how much did you increase the vapor pressure in the room by raising the relative humidity from 12% to 50% (2 points) ? VP @ 12% = 2.808 VP @ 50% = ? (50x23.8)/100= VP @ 50 % = 11.9 We increase VP by 9.092 10 © 2023 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign