Chem 115 Activity 9

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Clemson University *

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Chemistry

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Dec 6, 2023

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Chem 115 Activity 9 Introduction: This activity covers sections 4.1-4.3 from the text including objectives 4.1-4.3. This is an in-class activity! You will find on BlackBoard an assignment that will ask you to enter some of your answers. Some of these questions will be duplicated there. You will get five attempts at each question, so this will allow you to check your answers, as well as receive a grade. If you are unsure of your answer after four attempts, you should ask for help. Not all questions will be graded, but you will still be asked to enter a response. When discussing answers with your group, make sure you not only agree on the answers but also why they are correct. Can you verbally defend why your answer is correct? Covalent Bonds Learning Objective 4.1a: Describe the nature of the covalent bonds and how they are formed. Learning Objective 4.1b: Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds. Learning Objective 4.2: Predict the number of covalent bonds an atom will form based on its position in the periodic table. Model 1: Lewis electron-dot structures for hydrogen and second-row elements 1. How is the number of dots related to the number of valence electrons? The number of dots is the number of valence electrons 2. By extension, write the electron-dot (Lewis) structures for sulfur, chlorine, and sodium atoms. S. Cl. Na 3. Write electron dot (Lewis) structures for the ions S 2- and Cl - . Does your team agree? S Cl 4. How many electrons in the dot structure for Oxygen in Model 1 are a. paired up?___4__ (total, not # of pairs) b. Are unpaired ? __2___ 5. How many electrons for N are in pairs? __2___ unpaired __3____ 1
Model 2: Typical number of covalent bonds for elements common in biological molecules 6. Considering your answers to 4-5, how is the number of covalent bonds that an atom makes related to its electron-dot structure? The number of electrons it needs to reach a octet Model 3: Covalent bonding (sharing valence electrons) between H and F 7. In the HF molecule, how many total electrons are in the bond being shared by F? __2__ 8. How many electrons are in lone pairs on F? __6___ 9. What is the total number of electrons in lone pairs and bonding pairs around F in HF? ___8__ 10. What is the total number of electrons in lone pairs and bonding pairs around H in HF? ___2__ 11. Answer the following for the phosphorus atom: a. How many valence electrons does P have? __5___ b. What is the Lewis representation for P? (Note: it does not matter on which side of the element symbol the paired electrons are drawn). c. How many additional electrons does P need when it forms a compound? __3___ d. What is the likely formula for a compound composed of hydrogen atoms and one phosphorus atom? __PH^3___ Draw the Lewis structure. H P H H 2
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