Digital Lab Techinques Dry Lab Worksheet

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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2049

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Chemistry

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Apr 3, 2024

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docx

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Digital Lab Techniques Dry Lab Worksheet Name _______Elizabeth Smith__________ After working through the videos/tutorial, answer questions, fill in the blanks, etc. below. 1/2 pt each question unless indicated. 1. Distillation separates _____mixtures_______ based on differences in ___boiling points______. 2. Why does a condenser need running water through the outer jacket? A condenser needs running water through the outer jacket because running water in the jacket carries away the heat of vaporization and keeps the tube below the boiling points, so that it can collect in the liquid phase. 3. Why do you connect the hoses to run water “in through the bottom and out the top” in a condenser? If water enters from the bottom of the condenser in order to fill with cold water in the entire condenser, which ensures efficient cooling. 4. What is the advantage of fractional distillation over simple distillation? The advantage of fractional distillation over simple distillation are: i) Fractional distillation is used for separating the components of liquids when their difference in boiling points is less than 25 degrees Celsius, where as simple distillation is used when boiling points of the liquids are greater than each other. ii) Fractionating column is used in fractional distillation which makes separation easy while there is no fractionating column in simple distillation. 5. Why should you not heat a closed system? A closed system is completely sealed and is not open to the air. If we heat the system closed, too much pressure is created inside it, which may potentially burst (explosion type) and cause dangerous accidents. 6. Describe what one observes to determine the melting point range for an organic solid.
The melting point of an organic solid can be determined by introducing a tiny amount into a small capillary tube, attaching this to the stem of a thermometer centered in a heating bath, heating the bath slowly, and observing the temperature at which melting begins and is completed. So, the range of the melting point is the temperature at which melting starts to the temperature at which melting finishes. 7. Why do you need to pack the melting point tube before determining a solid’s melting point? The melting point tube will bounce as it hits the benchtop and pack the solid into the bottom of the tube. Failure to pack the solid well may cause it to shrink when heating, which can cause confusion as to the correct melting temperature. So, it is necessary to pack the melting point tube before determining the melting point of a solid. 8. What does a melting point value tell you about the purity of an organic solid? A melting point can be used to identify a substance and to get an indication of its purity. The presence of even small amounts of impurities usually produces a depression of the temperature at which melting is completed and usually produces a marked increase in the width of the melting point range. In general, a wide melting point range (more than 5 degrees Celsius) usually indicates that the substance is impure; a narrow melting point range (0.5-2 degrees Celsius) usually indicates that the substance is fairly pure. 9. Why is ether often used as the organic solution for extraction instead of ethanol or acetone? Diethyl ether is a good solvent for a wide range of polar and nonpolar organic compounds. Nonpolar compounds are generally more soluble in diethyl ether than in alcohols such as ethanol because ethers do not have a hydrogen bonding network that would have to be broken up to dissolve the solute. 10. Briefly describe a method to use acid/base extraction to separate benzoic acid from naphthalene. (1 points) Benzoic acid (C 6 H 5 COOH) is a polar compound and an acid so it can easily react with a base, whereas naphthalene (C 10 H 8 ) is a poly nuclear hydrocarbon. There is no possibility of any reaction with an acid or a base. So, in the mixture of benzoic acid and naphthalene in an organic solvent (dichloromethane), aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (aq. NaOH) is added which reacts with benzoic acid to form sodium benzoate (C 6 H 5 COONa), which is a salt that goes to the aqueous phase, where as naphthalene remains in the organic portion. The following reaction happens: C 6 H 5 COOH + NaOH = C 6 H 5 COONa + H 2 0 Thus, we can separate benzoic acid from naphthalene by acid/base extraction method. 11. List the main steps of performing a recrystallization to purify an organic solid. (1.5 points)
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