Lab 10

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Chemistry

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Apr 3, 2024

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Lab10 Izabella Harmon Experiment mass Work done by heat engine from P-V diagram (J) Change in potential energy of mass (J) % difference 0.1 kg 14x10^-3 12.8x^-3 11.4% ● The engine starts with an empty platform and the air chamber in ice water. What happens to the pressure and the volume when the mass is placed on the platform? Pressure and volume will increase when mass is placed on the platform. ● What happens to the pressure and the volume as the air chamber is moved from the cold into the hot water? When temp rises the pressure and volume will also rise showing a direct relationship. ● What happens to the pressure and the volume as the mass is removed from the platform? Due to its inverse relationship the volume and pressure will go down. ● What happens to the pressure and the volume as the air chamber is moved back into the ice water? The temp is now cooling and the pressure and volume will go down due their direct relationship. ● How does the thermodynamic work compare to the useful mechanical work? What about conservation of energy? Thermodynamics shows the interaction between a system and its surroundings. While conservation of energy is the total amount of energy in a system that is isolated. Exercise ● Which of the following would constitute a macrostate description of the class attendance and which would constitute a microstate description? ○ A list of the names of each student present today. This is a microstate ○ The number of students in attendance. This is a macrostate ● Which macrostate(s) would have the highest number of microstates? The macrostate that will have the highest number of microstates would have to be the 50 Students. ● Which macrostate(s) would have the lowest number of microstates? The macrostate that will have the lowest number of microstates would be the no students present. ● How many macrostates are there and what is the multiplicity Ω of those macrostates, i.e. how many microstates correspond to each macrostate? Marostates would just be the if the coin is red or blue compared to the microstate that will show the different combinations of colors. So you will have 2 macrostate and 4 microstates.
Lab10 Izabella Harmon Which statement below best describes the relationship between probability and entropy for the macrostates we are considering? 1. The most probable macrostates have the lowest entropy. 2. The most probable macrostates have the highest entropy. 3. There is no clear relationship between entropy and probability for these macrostates. If we examine the probabilities for all of the macrostates in the system we find that the probability is 1. spread evenly among all of the macrostates. 2. spread out among a large fraction of the macrostates, but with some macrostates having slightly higher probabilities than others. 3. concentrated within a small fraction of the macrostates centered on a most probable macrostate. 4. entirely concentrated into a single most probable macro ● Describe some possible macrostates of the gas in the two chambers of the box. Both chambers in my opinion have equal gas molecules but we can see the relationship between entropy and probability/Multiply by comparing. ● Describe a low entropy macrostate. A chamber that has more gas molecules in it than the other ● Describe a high-entropy macrostate. Chambers that have equal amounts of gas in it ● In which situation described below is the entropy of the gas greatest? 1. When the energy is spread nearly evenly among all the molecules and all the molecules are clustered in small regions of each chamber. 2. When the energy is concentrated in a small number of molecules that are spread nearly evenly throughout the box. 3. When the energy is spread nearly evenly among all the molecules and all the molecules are spread nearly evenly throughout the box. 4. When the energy is concentrated in a small number of molecules which are clustered in a small region of one chamber of the box. ● Why does heat, of itself, not flow from a cold to a hot object, if it is allowed by Newton's laws? Because of the level of work it takes to get from hot to cold. ● What, do you think, determines the rate of change of the entropy of a system? T he rate of entropy in a system is determined by the rate of change of the entropy of a system is determined by the rate that heat is added to the system.
Lab10 Izabella Harmon Reflection: Although a short lab I was able to connect major concepts from this lab. In the 1st experiment I was able to calculate the work done by heat engine,Change in potential energy, and % difference. To do this I 1st started with multiplying the times height to get the work that is done. Then using Y from my graph to find the potential energy of the mass. Then I used the difference formula to the % difference. From my data I was able to answer questions about the relationship of pressure and volume in thermodynamics. For the next part of the lab I was able to do an exercise That better helped me understand macrostates and microstates. According to the lab, To specify the microstate of the array after you finished this process you have to list the color of each square. And the macrostate, i.e. you are only interested in how many squares are red. Most microstates correspond to many microstates. A few of the allowed microstates for the "15 red squares" macrostate are shown on the right. From this I was able to identify the difference between the 2 and connect their relationship between micro and macro states. Work
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Lab10 Izabella Harmon

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