2-1.BiologicalMolecules

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Reedley College *

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Chemistry

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Apr 3, 2024

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Activity 1: Summary of Biological Molecules After reading the information above, and using your knowledge from the lecture content on this topic, complete the following tables to summarize the information. Biological Molecule Monomer Function(s) Food Source(s) Example Nucleic Acids Nucleotides supply temporary energy to cells & it provides dietary fiber. ------------------ Starch, cellulose, chitin, glucose, and sucrose Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Supplies cells with sustained energy & it is composed of membranes found in biology. Plants and animals Wax, oils, grease, phospholipids, fats, and steroids Lipids Fatty acids and glycerol Give the cell a structure. Transmit chemical cues accelerated chemical reactions Milk and bread hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and keratin, which can be found in hair and nails Proteins Amino acids Maintain and transmit genetic data Chicken and turkey RNA and DNA Data Table 1. Summary of structure, function, and examples of biological molecules. Biological Molecule Test Reagent Positive Test Color (present) Negative Test Color (absent) Monosaccharide (Carbohydrates) Benedicts solution Orange Blue Polysaccharide (Carbohydrates) Iodine solution Dark blue Yellowish Proteins Biurets Solution Violet Blue Lipids Sudan IV Reddish-Orange Light Pink Data Table 2. Summary of test procedures for biological molecules.

2 Testing for Biological Molecules As noted above, each biological molecule listed in Data Table 2 can be tested for using the given test reagent and you can determine its presence or absence in a solution by a visible color or physical change. In the following activities, you will use positive and negative controls to help guide you in your determination of which biological molecules are present in your “McMush” solution. The “McMush” solution is the contents of a McDonalds Happy Meal (plain hamburger, French fries, apple slices, clear soda) blended up together (yum!). Activity 2: Are Monosaccharides Present? 1. Obtain 3 test tubes and label them numbers 1, 2, 3 with a wax pencil. 2. In tube 1, place 3 mL of glucose solution. 3. In tube 2, place 3 mL of distilled water. 4. In tube 3, place 3 mL of the McMush solution. 5. Add 5 drops of Benedict’s solution to each tube. 6. Mix by holding the tube between the thumb and index finger of one hand and gently thumping the tube. 7. Place all three tubes into a 80°C water bath for 5 minutes. 8. Remove test tubes from the water bath using test tube tongs and place in rack. Make sure to use the test tube tongs to remove your tubes from the water bath, the glass will be hot and can burn your fingers! 9. Record the color of each tube in the data table below. Biological Molecule Tube 1 Glucose Tube 2 Distilled Water Tube 3 McMush Monosaccharide Orange Blue Orange Data Table 3. Results of Activity 2 Activity 3: Are Polysaccharides Present? 1. Obtain 3 test tubes and label them numbers 1, 2, 3 with a wax pencil. 2. In tube 1, place 3 mL of starch solution. 3. In tube 2, place 3 mL of distilled water. 4. In tube 3, place 3 mL of the McMush solution. 5. Add 3 drops of Iodine solution to each tube. 6. Record the color of each tube in the data table below. Biological Molecule Tube 1 Starch Tube 2 Distilled Water Tube 3 McMush Polysaccharide Dark Blue Yellow-Brown Dark Blue Data Table 4. Results of Activity 3

3 Activity 4: Are Proteins Present? 1. Obtain 3 test tubes and label them numbers 1, 2, 3 with a wax pencil. 2. In tube 1, place 3 mL of albumin (egg protein). 3. In tube 2, place 3 mL of distilled water. 4. In tube 3, place 3 mL of the McMush solution. 5. Add 10 drops of Biuret’s solution to each tube. (NOTE: Biuret’s solution is made up of Cu 2 SO 4 +NaOH. You have a bottle of each of these materials. To add the proper amount of Biuret’s solution, add 5 drops of Cu 2 SO 4 AND 5 drops of NaOH to each test tube). MIX CAREFULLY. 6. Record the color of each tube in the data table below Biological Molecule Tube 1 Albumin Tube 2 Distilled Water Tube 3 McMush Protein Purple Light Blue Violet Data Table 5. Results of Activity 4 Activity 5: Are Lipids Present? 1. Obtain 3 pieces of filter paper and label them numbers 1, 2, 3 with a wax pencil. 2. In piece 1, place 3 mL of vegetable oil. 3. In piece 2, place 3 mL of distilled water. 4. In piece 3, place 3 mL of the McMush solution. 5. Allow the drops to dry 6. Soak the pieces of paper in a petri dish containing 0.2% Sudan IV for 5 min 7. Rinse and dry the paper 8. Use the presence of a dark red spot to confirm the presence of lipid 9. Record the presence or absence of clumps in each tube in the data table below Biological Molecule Paper 1 Vegetable Oil Paper 2 Distilled Water Paper 3 McMush Lipid Dark orange Red Orange Data Table 6. Results of Activity 5 Note that Sudan red is a possible carcinogen and should be handled with gloves! Clean- up Please follow proper clean-up procedures. 1. Dump all test tube solutions for all activities down the sink. 2. Wash all test tubes in the sink. Make sure to get wax pencil markings off! 3. Dry test tubes and place them in the test tube racks. 4. Place all solutions back into caddies, and place caddies back on the main lab cart. 5. Spray and wipe down your lab bench area.

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4 Data Analysis Using the data collected from all activities, complete the questions below. 1. For activities 2 – 5, what was the purpose of Tube 1? Include your results in your explanation. The purpose of tube 1, which held the albumin, glucose, starch, and vegetable oil solutions, was to determine whether monosaccharides, polysaccharides, proteins, or lipids were present in the supplied materials, such as the distilled water and the McMush solution. In this instance, the first tube consistently tested positive for all activities because it demonstrated the necessary biological molecules; the water tested negative, indicating the absence of biological molecules; and the McMush solution consistently tested positive, indicating the presence of molecules. 2. For activities 2 – 5, what was the purpose of Tube 2? Include your results in your explanation. The distilled water in tube 2 was used to demonstrate that it contains no living molecules, and it did so brilliantly by displaying colors that are consistent with the absence of biological molecules. 3. Complete the table below to answer the following questions: Which biological molecules were present in McMush solution? How do you know? What is the mostly likely source of the molecule? Biological Molecule Present or Absent? How do you know (explain)? Source of biological molecule Monosaccharide Present I am aware of this since the McMush- soaked paper turned orange to indicate a successful test when Benedict's solution was applied. Sugar Polysaccharide Present I am aware of this since the McMush solution-soaked paper turned dark blue to indicate a successful test when the lodine solution was applied. Starch Protein Present I am aware of this since, following the application of the Biurets solution, the paper soaked in McMush solution became violet, indicating a successful test. Amino acids

5 Lipid Present I am aware of this since the McMush- soaked paper turned orange to indicate a successful test when the saline IV solution was administered. Fatty acids an diglycerol Data Table 7. Summary of all activity results and explanations. "Biological Molecules Lab" by Whitney Menefee, Reedley College is licensed under CC BY 4.0

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