Chapter 08

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12/11/23, 11:56 PM Chapter 08 Assignment https://session.masteringchemistry.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=11885472 1/18 Chapter 08 Assignment Due: 12:00am on Tuesday, December 12, 2023 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy Chapter 8 Reading Question 2 Part A Below is information relating atmospheric pressure to altitude relative to sea level: The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg. The atmospheric pressure of the Dead Sea (0.40 km below sea level) is 800 mmHg. The atmospheric pressure of Los Angeles (0.09 km above sea level) is 752 mmHg. The atmospheric pressure of Mount Whitney (4.50 km above sea level) is 440 mmHg Based on the information above, which location would have the highest atmospheric pressure? Hint 1. Definition of atmospheric pressure. Pressure is force/area and can be measured using several different units. These include atm, mmHg, torr, and Pa. Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted on us due to the gas molecules in our atmosphere, and varies with altitude. See Section 8.1. ANSWER: Correct Chapter 8 Reading Question 1 Part A Which of the following describes the properties of a gas based on the kinetic molecular theory of gases? Hint 1. The kinetic molecular theory of gases. The kinetic molecular theory of gases helps explain behaviors of a gas including movement, volume, and pressure. See Section 8.1. ANSWER: Correct Mauna Kea, HI (4205 m above sea level) New Orleans, LA (2 m below sea level) San Diego, CA (at sea level) Memphis, TN (59 m above sea level) At higher temperatures, gas particles hit the walls of the container with less force, producing a lower pressure. Gas molecules move in an organized pattern at slow speeds. The actual volume occupied by gas molecules is extremely small compared to the volume that the gas occupies. The attractive forces between the particles of a gas are quite strong.
12/11/23, 11:56 PM Chapter 08 Assignment https://session.masteringchemistry.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=11885472 2/18 Interactive Video Quiz: Kinetic Molecular Theory First, launch the video below. During the video, you’ll be asked a conceptual question about the example. After watching the video, answer the related questions at the right. You can watch the video again at any point to review. Part A Which of the following is NOT part of the kinetic-molecular theory of gases? Hint 1. HINT What are the five assumptions (or ideas) of the kinetic-molecular theory? ANSWER: Correct Part B In the kinetic-molecular theory of gases, the assumption is made that gas molecules________. Hint 1. HINT What are the postulates (ideas) of the kinetic-molecular theory? ANSWER: There is very little empty space in a gas. Gas particles move very rapidly. A gas is composed of very small particles. Gas particles do not attract or repel one another. are close together in their container move with a kinetic energy equal to their Kelvin temperature are attracted to each other by strong forces move rapidly in random directions
12/11/23, 11:56 PM Chapter 08 Assignment https://session.masteringchemistry.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=11885472 3/18 Correct Part C In the kinetic-molecular theory of gases, at high temperatures, particles of a gas tend to move _________ and collisions between them are ______. Hint 1. HINT Review the kinetic-molecular theory of gases; What does it say about energy and movement and collisions of molecules? ANSWER: Correct Chapter 8 Reading Question 3 Part A Based on Boyle's law, what will happen to the volume of a balloon if the pressure is increased at a constant temperature? Hint 1. Definition of Boyle's law. Boyle's law states that the volume of a gas changes inversely with the pressure of a change as long as there is no change in the temperature or the amount of a gas. See Section 8.2. ANSWER: Correct Problem-Solving Strategies: Guide to Using the Gas Laws Learning Goal: Develop problem-solving skills using pressure-volume relationships and Boyle’s Law. Solving problems with gas laws You can solve many gas-law problems using these basic problem-solving steps: slowly; elastic slowly; rare rapidly; rare rapidly; elastic Numerical values for the initial volume, initial pressure, and final pressure must be known to answer this question. volume decreases volume stays the same volume increases
12/11/23, 11:56 PM Chapter 08 Assignment https://session.masteringchemistry.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=11885472 4/18 1. Organize the data for initial and final conditions. You may want to use a table. 2. Rearrange the gas law equation to solve for any unknown quantities. 3. Substitute values into the gas law equation and then calculate. Manipulating gas laws Unlike liquids and solids, gases completely fill any container they are placed in and the collisions of gas molecules with the container walls lead to a pressure exerted on the container. Boyle’s Law describes the relationship between the pressure and the volume of a gas when temperature is constant. Boyle observed that when the volume of a container of gas is increased, the pressure decreases; similarly when the volume is decreased, the pressure is increases. These observations can be written mathematically as where the subscripts 1 and 2 are used to denote, respectively, the initial and final states of the system. The relationship between the pressure and volume of a sample of gas has many profound, practical implications. Boyle’s Law helps to describe everything from balloons to breathing, from soda cans to syringes. The goal of this tutorial is to help you become comfortable with problem-solving methods that you can apply to a variety of problems in this course. You will learn to organize the data given in the problem, rearrange equations to solve for an unknown, and substitute values into the equation to calculate a numerical answer. It is essential that you work through and understand all three parts of this method; the most common mistakes are made by students who try to skip straight to calculating a number without giving appropriate attention to organizing their data and setting up the correct equation. Part A - Organize the data Since volume and pressure are inversely related, we can make some assumptions about initial and final states using the data provided. We can also identify initial and final states by finding trigger words in the language of the problem. Look for words like “first,” “initially,” or “originally” to describe initial states and “result” or “after” for final states. What volume would a sample of helium occupy at 5.0 if the helium was initially compressed in a 1.0 tank at 20. at constant temperature? Organize your data into the table to help analyze the problem. Leave blank any boxes for which you do not have information. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Hint 1. Identify the initial conditions The first step for solving a word problem is to state the given and needed quantities. Look for words like “initially” or “originally” to describe initial states and “result” or “after” for final states. Identify the initial state in the problem by looking for trigger words. ANSWER: Hint 2. Identify how known quantities change Once you’ve identified the initial and final conditions, you should take stock of what you know about the problem. In this problem, we know that the pressure of the helium was initially 20. and it is now 5.0 . Given only this information, what must have happened to the helium in the tank? ANSWER: a 1.0 tank at 5.0 a sample of helium at 5.0 a 1.0 tank at 20. a sample of helium at 20. Volume decreased Pressure increased Volume increased Pressure decreased
12/11/23, 11:56 PM Chapter 08 Assignment https://session.masteringchemistry.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=11885472 5/18 Correct You know the pressure of the gas decreased by analyzing the numerical values and 5.0 . Since the main part told you that temperature is constant, you can use Boyle's law to qualitatively determine that volume must increase. ANSWER: Correct Organizing your data and correctly identifying the initial states and final states makes problem solving easier. Using a chart can help you quickly understand what you know, what you can assume, and what is unknown. Part B - Practice the steps for a one-step problem Once you’ve identified the initial and final conditions, you’re ready to solve for the unknown quantity in your problem. Boyle’s Law expresses the pressure- volume relationship as , so you will need to solve this equation for the unknown quantity and then plug in your known values to calculate the unknown. What pressure would it take to compress 350. of helium gas initially at 1.00 into a 2.00 tank at constant temperature? Express your answer with the appropriate units. Hint 1. Organize the data The first step in solving a gas law problem is to organize the data. Generally, a table is the best way to keep track of initial and final conditions. Create a table to organize the data in this problem. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. ANSWER: Help Reset Group 1 Group 1 Group 2 Group 1 Group 2 100 1.0 5.0 20. 2.0 V decreases V increases P decreases P increases 20. 5.0 P decreases 1.0 V increases
12/11/23, 11:56 PM Chapter 08 Assignment https://session.masteringchemistry.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=11885472 6/18 Correct Looking for trigger words like "initially" can help you differentiate the initial states from the final states. Hint 2. Identify how known quantities change Once you’ve analyzed your data and figured out what you know, you can predict what the answer will be. This will help you at the end of the problem to check and make sure that you didn’t make a mistake in your calculations. Which of the following statements describes what you would expect to happen in this experiment? ANSWER: Correct Because volume and pressure are inversely related, you know the pressure decreases as the volume increases. Hint 3. Solve Boyle’s law for the unknown quantity Rearrange the equation to create the form of Boyle’s Law should you should use to solve for the unknown in this problem. ANSWER: Correct You need to set up the equation to solve for because you've already been given the initial final volumes. Help Reset The pressure will increase. The pressure will decrease. The pressure will stay the same. Group 1 Group 2 Group 1 Group 2 Group 1 Group 2 L atm mmHg psi mL 1.00 350. 2.00 1.00 atm 350. L 2.00 L
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