Module 4 Worksheet
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Keck Graduate Institute *
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Course
4
Subject
Chemistry
Date
Jan 9, 2024
Type
docx
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17
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Answer the following multiple-choice questions. There is no time limit, and you may save and return to your work as many times as you need to before submitting the worksheet. But you may submit this worksheet only once.
Flag question: Question 1
Question 1
1 pts
What is the major intracellular cation?
Group of answer choices
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Sodium
Flag question: Question 2
Question 2
1 pts
What is the major extracellular cation?
Group of answer choices
Chloride
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Flag question: Question 3
Question 3
1 pts
Osmolality can be defined as a measure of the concentration of a solution based on the
Group of answer choices
Number of dissolved particles
Density of the dissolved particles
Number and size of the dissolved particles
Number of ionic particles present
Flag question: Question 4
Question 4
1 pts
Hyponatremia may be caused by each of the following EXCEPT
Group of answer choices
Acute or chronic renal failure
Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
Aldosterone deficiency
Hypomagnesemia
Flag question: Question 5
Question 5
1 pts
Hypokalemia may be caused by each of the following EXCEPT
Group of answer choices
Hyperaldosteronism
Hypomagnesemia
Acidosis
Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
Flag question: Question 6
Question 6
1 pts
Hyperkalemia may be caused by each of the following EXCEPT
Group of answer choices
Hypoaldosteronism
Sample hemolysis
Alkalosis
Acute or chronic renal failure
Flag question: Question 7
Question 7
1 pts
The main difference between a direct and indirect ISE is
Group of answer choices
Sample is diluted in the indirect method, not in the direct method
Whole blood samples can be measured with the direct method and not with the indirect method
Direct ISEs use a reference electrode, whereas indirect ISEs do not
The type of membrane that is used
Flag question: Question 8
Question 8
1 pts
Which method of analysis will provide the most accurate electrolyte results if
a grossly lipemic sample is used?
Group of answer choices
Atomic absorption
Indirect ISE
Flame emission photometry
Direct ISE
Flag question: Question 9
Question 9
1 pts
The most frequent cause of hypermagnesemia is due to
Group of answer choices
Renal failure
Hypoaldosteronism
Acidosis
Increased intake of magnesium
Flag question: Question 10
Question 10
1 pts
A hemolyzed sample will cause falsely increased levels of each of the following EXCEPT
Group of answer choices
Potassium
Magnesium
Sodium
Phosphate
Flag question: Question 11
Question 11
1 pts
The largest portion of total body water is found in which tissue?
Group of answer choices
Intravascular extracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
Plasma
Interstitial cell fluid
Intracellular fluid
Flag question: Question 12
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Question 12
1 pts
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are key to regulating blood osmolality. Typically, a 1% to 2% shift in osmolality causes a ______ change in circulating
concentration of arginine vasopressin (AVP).
Group of answer choices
Twofold
Fourfold
Tenfold
Eightfold
Flag question: Question 13
Question 13
1 pts
The quantitative relationship between changes in blood osmolality and the normal expected response by AVP is best described as a(n):
Group of answer choices
Direct relationship
Logarithmic relationship
There is no quantitative relationship
Indirect relationship
Flag question: Question 14
Question 14
1 pts
The sample of choice for measuring blood osmolality is:
Group of answer choices
Whole blood
Serum or plasma may both be used
Serum
Plasma
Flag question: Question 15
Question 15
1 pts
With increased water loss, burn patients are most likely to also experience:
Group of answer choices
Hyponatremia
Hypoosmolality
Hypomagnesemia
Hypernatremia
Flag question: Question 16
Question 16
1 pts
Which plasma electrolyte has the most narrow reference range and is MOST strictly regulated by the body?
Group of answer choices
Calcium
Chloride
Potassium
Magnesium
Sodium
Flag question: Question 17
Question 17
1 pts
True or False? RBCs are key for oxygen transport, carbon dioxide transport, and maintaining electroneutrality in the blood.
Group of answer choices
True
False
Flag question: Question 18
Question 18
1 pts
The presence of dyshemoglobins will cause a calculated % SO
2
result to be falsely (elevated, decreased) and a pulse oximeter %
Sp
O
2
result to be falsely (elevated, decreased).
Group of answer choices
Decreased, elevated
Elevated, elevated
Decreased, decreased
Elevated, decreased
Flag question: Question 19
Question 19
1 pts
The preferred anticoagulant for arterial blood gas measurements is _____ in the _____ state.
Group of answer choices
Lithium heparin; dry
EDTA; dry
Sodium citrate; dry
Potassium oxalate; liquid
Flag question: Question 20
Question 20
1 pts
At a pH of 7.10, the H
+
concentration is equivalent to
Group of answer choices
20 nmol/L
60 nmol/L
80 nmol/L
40 nmol/L
Flag question: Question 21
Question 21
1 pts
In respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys compensate by (excretion, retention) of bicarbonate and (increased, decreased) excretion of NaH
2
PO
4
.
Group of answer choices
Retention, increased
Excretion, increased
Excretion, decreased
Retention, decreased
Flag question: Question 22
Question 22
1 pts
The normal ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate in arterial blood is
Group of answer choices
1:20
20:1
7.4:6.1
0.003:1.39
Flag question: Question 23
Question 23
1 pts
When arterial blood from a normal patient is exposed to room air
Group of answer choices
p
CO
2
decreases;
p
O
2
increases
p
CO
2
increases;
p
O
2
decreases
p
CO
2
decreases;
p
O
2
decreases
p
CO
2
increases;
p
O
2
increases
Flag question: Question 24
Question 24
1 pts
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A patient's arterial blood gas results are as follows: pH 7.37;
p
CO
2
, 75 mm Hg; HCO
3
-, 37 mmol/L. These values are consistent with
Group of answer choices
Compensated nonrespiratory acidosis
Compensated respiratory acidosis
Uncompensated nonrespiratory alkalosis
Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis
Flag question: Question 25
Question 25
1 pts
A patient's arterial blood gas results are as follows: pH 7.48;
p
CO
2
, 54 mm Hg; HCO
3
-, 38 mmol/L. These values are consistent with
Group of answer choices
Compensated respiratory alkalosis
Uncompensated nonrespiratory alkalosis
Compensated nonrespiratory alkalosis
Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis
Flag question: Question 26
Question 26
1 pts
In the circulatory system, bicarbonate leaves the red blood cells and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with ________ to maintain electroneutrality.
Group of answer choices
Sodium
Carbonic acid
Chloride
Lactate
Flag question: Question 27
Question 27
1 pts
Hypoventilation can compensate for which of the following acid-base disorders:
Group of answer choices
Mixed acidosis
Mixed alkalosis
Nonrespiratory acidosis
Nonrespiratory alkalosis
Flag question: Question 28
Question 28
1 pts
Carbonic acid concentration in blood plasma is equivalent to
Group of answer choices
Bicarbonate concentration divided by the
p
CO
2
value in mm Hg
0.0307 mmol/L/mm Hg times the
p
CO
2
value in mm Hg
p
CO
2
value in mm Hg plus HCO
3
- value in mm Hg
Apparent p
K
a
of carbonic acid, 6.1, plus the
p
CO
2
value in mm Hg
Flag question: Question 29
Question 29
1 pts
Oxygen content in blood reflects
Group of answer choices
O
2
dissolved in blood plasma only
p
O
2
value
O
2
Hb only
O
2
Hb + pO
2
Flag question: Question 30
Question 30
1 pts
Extreme copper deficiency is seen in what fatal condition?
Group of answer choices
Klinefelter's syndrome
Kayser-Fleischer rings
Menkes' disease
Meese disease
Flag question: Question 31
Question 31
1 pts
Suppose the controller on a GFAAS is defective and the furnace is running cold. What effect will this likely have on the number of photons absorbed in the measurements?
Group of answer choices
It will decrease the number of photons absorbed.
It will increase the number of photons absorbed.
It will have little effect.
It is not a relevant question because AAS relies on emission of light from electronically excited atoms.
Flag question: Question 32
Question 32
1 pts
Why would a clinical chemist develop an arsenic method that combines liquid chromatography with ICP-MS?
Group of answer choices
To eliminate interference by sodium from the analysis
To separate and quantitate several different arsenic-containing species in the same sample
To shorten the run time of the measurement
To lower the coefficient of variation for total arsenic measurements
Flag question: Question 33
Question 33
1 pts
Select the answer that designates three techniques widely used for elemental analysis, identified according to the initials for the techniques.
Group of answer choices
GC-MS, ICP-MS, AES
HPLC-ICP-MS, AAS, FTIR
NMR, ICP-MS, AES
AAS, ICP-MS, AES
Flag question: Question 34
Question 34
1 pts
What primary purposes does the torch serve in ICP-MS?
Group of answer choices
Vaporization, atomization, and ionization
Vaporization, atomization, and electronic excitation
Droplet transport, vaporization, and ion detection
Nebulization, atomization, and photon absorption
Flag question: Question 35
Question 35
1 pts
Manganese toxicity resembles the following disease:
Group of answer choices
Wilson's disease
Alzheimer's disease
Parkinson's disease
Menkes' disease
Flag question: Question 36
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Question 36
1 pts
Iron is physiologically active only in the ferrous form in
Group of answer choices
Ferritin
Cytochromes
Transferrin
Hemoglobin
Flag question: Question 37
Question 37
1 pts
A metal ion required for optimal enzyme activity is best termed a(n)
Group of answer choices
Accelerator
Cofactor
Coenzyme
Catalyst
Flag question: Question 38
Question 38
1 pts
Which trace metal is contained in glucose tolerance factor?
Group of answer choices
Selenium
Zinc
Chromium
Copper
Flag question: Question 39
Question 39
1 pts
What metal may be used as a treatment for Wilson's disease?
Group of answer choices
Fluorine
Molybdenum
Copper
Zinc
Flag question: Question 40
Question 40
1 pts
The metal ion essential for the activity of xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase is
Group of answer choices
Molybdenum
Manganese
Iron
Zinc
Flag question: Question 41
Question 41
1 pts
The primary purpose of porphyrins in the human body is to
Group of answer choices
Transport CO
2
back to the lungs
Contribute to the synthesis of heme
Transport ferrous iron
Transport oxygen to tissues
Flag question: Question 42
Question 42
1 pts
The chemical structure of porphyrin is described as a(n)
Group of answer choices
Oxygen-binding prosthetic group
Heterocyclic pyrrole
Linear tetrapyrrole
Cyclic tetrapyrrole
Flag question: Question 43
Question 43
1 pts
Which statement correctly describes a porphyrin property?
Group of answer choices
Porphyrins absorb light in the visible region of the spectrum and fluoresce.
Porphyrins produced spontaneously are functional compounds.
Porphyrins are not soluble in aqueous solution.
Porphyrins are oxidized to porphyrinogens when exposed to air.
Flag question: Question 44
Question 44
1 pts
The porphyrias can be classified according to disease symptoms as
Group of answer choices
Hematologic or muscular
Erythropoietic or hepatic
Congenital or acquired
Neurologic or cutaneous
Flag question: Question 45
Question 45
1 pts
Elevated urinary PBG concentration with negative fecal porphyrin results indicates
Group of answer choices
Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP)
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)
Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP)
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP)
Flag question: Question 46
Question 46
1 pts
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is identified by
Group of answer choices
Scanning fluorescence of plasma
Screening for PBG in a random urine specimen
Separation of fecal porphyrins in a 24-h specimen
Chromatographic analysis of a 24-h urine collection
Flag question: Question 47
Question 47
1 pts
Screening for porphobilinogen in urine is done using
Group of answer choices
The Watson-Schwartz method
Electrophoresis
Chromatography
Spectrophotometry
Flag question: Question 48
Question 48
1 pts
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In the clinical laboratory, testing to identify specific porphyrins is performed using
Group of answer choices
Chemical derivatization and spectrophotometry
Turbidimetry
Liquid chromatography with fluorescent detection
Thin layer chromatography
Flag question: Question 49
Question 49
1 pts
Specimens collected for evaluation of porphyria should be
Group of answer choices
Diluted to less than 25 mg/dL creatinine
Exposed to light and air to oxidize the analytes
Allowed to clot at room temperature for an hour
Protected from light and stored cold
Flag question: Question 50
Question 50
1 pts
Inherited disorders in which a genetic defect causes abnormalities in rate and quantity of synthesis of structurally normal polypeptide chains of the hemoglobin molecule are called
Group of answer choices
Thalassemias
Hemoglobinopathies
Porphyrias
Molecular dyscrasias
Flag question: Question 51
Question 51
1 pts
Molecular diagnostic techniques that can help diagnose hemoglobin disorders such as hemoglobinopathies and thalassemias include
Group of answer choices
Biochemical separation, identification, and quantification of mixture components
The use of specific monoclonal antibodies
DNA amplification, hybridization, and nucleotide sequencing
Separation of macromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge
Flag question: Question 52
Question 52
1 pts
Which of the following abnormal hemoglobins, found frequently in individuals
from Southeast Asia, migrates with hemoglobin A
2
on cellulose acetate electrophoresis?
Group of answer choices
Hemoglobin E
Hemoglobin C
Hemoglobin D
Hemoglobin Lepore
Flag question: Question 53
Question 53
1 pts
Which type of alpha-thalassemia results from deletion of three genes and produces a moderate hemolytic anemia?
Group of answer choices
Thalassemia trait
Hydrops fetalis
Hemoglobin H disease
Hemoglobin Bart's
Flag question: Question 54
Question 54
1 pts
The most effective way to quantitate hemoglobin A
2
is by
Group of answer choices
Alkali denaturation test
Citrate agar electrophoresis
Densitometry
Column chromatography
Flag question: Question 55
Question 55
1 pts
Serum or plasma myoglobin concentrations are used as
Group of answer choices
An early marker of acute myocardial infarction
An indicator of congestive heart failure
Lead poisoning indicator
Liver function tests
Flag question: Question 56
Question 56
1 pts
Which of the following is the best test to differentiate beta-thalassemia minor
from iron deficiency anemia?
Group of answer choices
Hemoglobin A2 quantitation
Complete blood count
Hemoglobin electrophoresis (cellulose acetate, alkaline pH)
Solubility test
Flag question: Question 57
Question 57
1 pts
Which is the correct sequence of electrophoretic migration of hemoglobins from slowest to fastest on cellulose acetate at an alkaline pH?
Group of answer choices
C, A, S, F
C, S, A, F
A, F, S, C
C, S, F, A
Flag question: Question 58
Question 58
1 pts
The two main sites of production of heme are
Group of answer choices
Liver and spleen
Heart and lung
Liver and bone marrow
Muscle and blood
Flag question: Question 59
Question 59
1 pts
Which hemoglobin is resistant to alkali denaturation in NaOH?
Group of answer choices
Hb F
Hb S
Hb A
Hb C
Flag question: Question 60
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Question 60
1 pts
A patient has an abnormal hemoglobin band that migrates with Hb S on cellulose acetate (pH 8.4) hemoglobin electrophoresis. The solubility test is negative. Which test should be performed next?
Group of answer choices
Acid elution stain
Blood film evaluation
HbA
2
quantitation
Citrate agar (pH 6.2) electrophoresis
Flag question: Question 61
Question 61
1 pts
Silent carriers of alpha-thalassemia are missing how many alpha genes?
Group of answer choices
4
2
1
3
Flag question: Question 62
Question 62
1 pts
Which hemoglobin contains four gamma chains and has an extremely high affinity for oxygen?
Group of answer choices
Hb Gower I
Hb Portland I
Hb F
Hb Bart's
Flag question: Question 63
Question 63
1 pts
A patient with Southeast Asian heritage is found to have a mild microcytic anemia and a few target cells. Hemoglobin electrophoresis on cellulose acetate at pH 8.4 reveals a major band that migrates with Hb A
2
and no Hb A.
On citrate agar electrophoresis, the band travels in the position of Hb A. What is the most probable abnormal hemoglobin present?
Group of answer choices
Hb E
Hb A
Hb C
Hb D
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REPORT:
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- A college student who has been feeling fatigue decides to take an energy-boosting supplement advertised on a television infomercial and endorsed by a professional athlete. She reports feeling more energetic after taking the supplement but later discovers the supplement is only made of salt. What did the student experience? A. The effectiveness of the energy supplement working in her body B. The placebo effect; the student believing the supplement was working to increase energy C. An increase in nerve conduction caused by the salt tablet D. An increase in blood pressurearrow_forwardThese disorders are associated with inborn errors of metabolism: Question 13 options: diabetes mellitus types 1 & 2 multiple myeloma with increased proteins aminoacidopathies electrolyte imbalancearrow_forwardWhenever I worked the problem i got the same answer as the expert solution by the answer my hoemwork gave me was .850atmarrow_forward
- Calculate creatinine clearance from the following results.urine creatinine=75 mg/dLurine volume=850 mL/24 hoursserum creatinine=0.9 mg/dLbody surface area=1.55 m2 Question 32 options: A) 44.1 mL/min B) >60 mL/min C) 3.3 mL/min D) 54.9 mL/minarrow_forwardFind the RDA/AI and tolerable upper intake level of each using the average intake given Nutrient Average Intake RDA/AI Tolerable Upper Intake Level B1 (Thiamine) 1.8 ? mg ?mg ?mg B2 (Riboflavin) 2.1 mg mg mg B3 (Niacin) 40.6 mg mg mg B5 (Pantothenic Acid) 7.6 mg mg mg B6 (Pyridoxine) 3.5 mg mg mg B12 (Cobalamin) 121 pg pg pg Folate 524.7 pg pg pg Vitamin A 536.2 pg pg pg Vitamin C 139.0 mg mg mg Vitamin D 224.1 IU IU IU Vitamin E 11.7 mg mg mg Vitamin K 135.7 pg pg pg Calcium 1114.3 mg mg mg Copper 135.7 pg pg pg Iron 16.7 mg mg mg Magnesium 325.0 mg mg mg Manganese 3.0 mg mg mg Phosphorus 2114.1 mg mg mg Potassium 3193.5 mg mg mg Selenium 282.9 pg pg pg Sodium 7304.2 mg mg mg Zinc 21.9 mg mg mgarrow_forwardOne of the ways to diagnose biliary obstructive disease is that the patient will have clay-colored stool. This is caused by conjugated bilirubin flowing into the bile canaliculi for excretion. Question 35 options: True Falsearrow_forward
- Hyperphosphatemia may be found in O Hypoparathyroidism Rickets Hyperparathyroidism O Possible long-term use of aluminum hydroxide gel antacid O AOTA АОТАarrow_forwardipboard Font Paragraph Styles Aspirin Yield Lab NAME: 6. How much aspirin is needed for Part B #1? PRE-LAB 1. What is an antipyretic? REPORT: 2. What is an analgesic? A. Preparation of Aspirin DAY 1 3. What is the "active ingredient" in aspirin? Why is it not ingested directly? 1. Mass of salicylic acid (g) 2. Mass of filter paper (g) 4. In this experiment, 2.00 g of salicylic acid reacts with an excess amount of acetic anhydride. Calculate the theoretical yield of acetylsalicylic acid for this synthesis. 3. Mass of dried filter paper plus sample (g) 4. Theoretical yield of aspirin (g) 5. Experimental (actual) yield of aspirin (g) 5. A0.331 g sample of aspirin prepared in the laboratory was dissolved in 95% ethanol and titrated to a phenolphthalein endpoint with 16.7 ml of 0.107 M NAOH. 7. Volume of water used in the experiment 8. Mass of aspirin dissolved in the experiment (see A7 a. Calculate the moles of acetylsalicylic acid in the aspirin sample. 6. Experimental yield, corrected…arrow_forwardAcid reflux occurs when acid escapes from the __________. lungs liver muscles small intestines stomacharrow_forward
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