Library Research Assignment

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Apr 3, 2024

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Fulkerson 1 Brooke Fulkerson Jennifer Waters 19128 18 January 2024 Library Research Assignment 1) CQ Researcher https://cqpress-sagepub-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/cqresearcher/report/genes- health-cqresrre20110121 Title : “Is Gene Therapy for Disease on the Horizon?” Name of Source : CQ Researcher Marcia Clemmitt Date of Publication : 1/21/2011 Summary: Discusses the issues with at home DNA testing, while relatively accurate many aren’t able to accurately show what diseases a person is at risk for and what they are not at risk for, through the 3 at home tests that were tested all 3 had different predictions for the likelihood of someone getting heart failure. It then goes into the American Civil Liberties Union is suing the US patent and Trademark Office and Salt Lake City-based Myriad Genetics Inc. so that Myriad’s exclusive control over two genes implicated in breast and ovarian cancer ends and to stop the Patent Office from granting patents on isolated but unaltered genes. The department of Justice then issued in 2010 a brief opposing such patents. The argument is that if someone wants to know their own genome and see if they have a mutation they should be able to do that without having to pay a license fee to someone else, while others believe that denying these patents will destroy the US biotechnology sector, which depends on patent exclusivity for revenues.
Fulkerson 2 Broad Subject: Genes Narrowed Subject: Patents on Genes Issue Question: Should there be patents put on certain genes? Directly Involved: US Patent Office, American Civil Liberties Union, Salt Lake City-based MMyriad Genetics Inc. US biotechnology sector Indirectly Involved: General public, scientists studying genetics Opposing Claims Should do: Allow patents to be passed in order to keep from potentially destroying the US biotech sector, these patents are granted and these patents will provide incentive for companies to describe, identify, and develop those uses into commercial application that could promote public welfare. Has the potential to quicken effective diagnostics and treatment. Shouldn’t do: Should not put patents genes because we don’t know if it will slow down the effective diagnostics and treatments. The patent law says that products of nature and laws of nature are not patentable subject matter, this means that the Patent Office is failing to abide by this when patents are granted on human genes. Stake While there can be a benefit to patenting genes which is potentially quicking the diagnostics and treatments that are available there is also the chance that it slows those things down. There is also the issue with the patent law not allowing for nature and laws of nature, which includes genes that don't allow for patents to be put on them. So if we make the exception with genes what else can that exception be made for. 2) Opposing Viewpoints in Context
Fulkerson 3 https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/PC3021900155/OVIC?u=asuniv&sid=bookmark- OVIC&xid=a6fe4844 Title: Slavery Reparations Name of Source: Gale, part of Cengage Group Year of Publication: 2023 Summary: This article goes on to talk about how formerly enslaved Africans did not receive meaningful compensation for their labor. Them along with their descendants have faced discrimination in many areas of life, like employment, housing, education and politics. This has continued into the twenty-first century. The first attempt of reparations was after the Civil War ended, General William Sherman issued Special Field Order 15, which ordered the seizure of Confederate-owned land for redistribution among forty thousand African Americans, each family receiving a plot of land no larger than 40 acres, this was overturned by Andrew Johnson within a year. The following this discriminatory laws and practices flourished, which created difficult obstacles for African Americans. Broad Subject: Reparations for slavery Narrow Subject: Slavery reparations from the US government Issue Question: Should the US government make reparations for slavery? Directly Involved: US government, African Americans Indirectly Involved: General Public Opposing Claims: Supporters of these reparations argue descendants of enslaved people deserve reparations in order of compensating their ancestors’ years of unpaid labor, reducing wealth disparities, invigorating the economy and improving the relationship between races. While the opponents of the reparations say that compensating the descendants of enslaved people would be
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Fulkerson 4 almost impossible because of the challenges associated with determining who should provide and receive payment. Stake: Not being able to improve race relationships and proper compensating of enslaved people are at stake, while it would be difficult to decide who does get those reparations, since it is a politically divisive issue it could be discussed and explained more. 3) Ethnic NewsWatch http://login.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/ ethnicnewswatch/newspapers/jesse-three-strikes-youre-out-law-is-crime/docview/ 247052330/sem-2?accountid=4485 Title: Jesse: Three strikes and you’re out law is a crime Date Published: 8/28/2001 Summary: This law is blamed for the increase of the aging black and Hispanic prison population. The Sentencing Project’s study claimed of the 50,000 California inmates who were convicted under this law, that there is no evidence that proves imposing lengthy sentences reduces crime. Another study found that the the three strikes law has increased the number and severity of sentences for nonviolent offenders who make up ⅔ of the state’s second and third strike sentences. This law is rapidly expanding the aging and costly prison population without the benefit of reducing violent crime. Broad Subject: Three Strikes Law Narrow Subject: Repeal of the three strikes law Directly Involved: US government, inmates/prisoners Indirectly Involved: General population, police force
Fulkerson 5 Issue question: Should the “Three strikes and you're out law” be repealed? Opposing Claims: Some think that this should be in place because they think it reduces violent crime since on the third strike you have to serve the minimum sentence before parole is even a thought and after that sentence is served parole or lessened sentence isn’t guaranteed. While others think it should be repealed because studies show that this law doesn’t reduce the rate of violent crime and it is easier to target certain demographics. Stake: This law allows judges to make discernful judgments, Jackson also said “were all heavy- loaded toward street-sweeping black youth” 4) Academic Search Premiere https://web-p-ebscohost-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/ehost/detail/detail? vid=5&sid=f20afde0-4ade-4d06-856a-ff4fc13177ca %40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#AN=136497212&d b=asn Title: Privatized corrections: Questions of legality Date Published: May 2019 Summary: The government is legally authorized to delegate the authority to manage prisons, jails and detention centers to private contractors. As long as governments are given the parameters of private firms’ authority and retain final approval of major decisions such as issuing disciplinary violations. While the supreme court has imposed limited checks on private firms, it has declined to extend immunity to employees of private prisons specifically. There are more critical gaps in the law around accountability, transparency, and constitutionality. Broad Subject: Privatized Prisons
Fulkerson 6 Narrow Subject: Legality of Privatized Prisons Issue Question: Should prisons be privatized? Opposing Claims: Those who believe that prisons should be privatized believe this because they have a lower cost and a better overall performance, whereas those who oppose it think that they encourage extended confinement, less security, health care cuts and lack of transparency. Stake: The stakes that come along with this the ethics that come along with the discussion, ethics are at stake when privatizing prisons are being discussed because of how transparent they are.
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