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Module 6 Discussion
It’s no surprise since I have had consistent difficulties with most of the simulations, I struggled with this simulation too. I felt like the exercise was much easier with a monopoly, but when price discrimination was introduced, it added a layer of complexity that wasn’t always straightforward. Additionally, I tried to check the graphs periodically through each part of the simulation, but I couldn’t figure out a way back
without getting completely kicked out of the simulation and having to start over from scratch. As you can see, overall on the instances of the simulation, I did manage to make a profit with all of them, but the largest profit was made from the middle instance.
Monopolies occur when there is a single seller and there are no substitutes for the product/service they sell and by which, other firms cannot easily enter the market because the firm has exclusivity on part or whole aspects of production (Mankiw, 2021). An example of this would be a pharmaceutical company with a patent on a drug.
When a monopoly exists within a market, inefficiencies are derived. This area of inefficiency is known as
the deadweight loss triangle. The deadweight loss triangle occurs because the monopoly’s prices are above marginal cost. Because of this, not everyone who wants the goods will want to pay the price to purchase it. As a result, while total surplus does not change, Consumer surplus is lower and producer surplus is greater in a monopoly market. Monopoly Markets favor the firms that hold the monopoly versus the consumer (Mankiw, 2021).
Price discrimination, as shown by our simulation this week, is a tool a monopoly market could use to maximize profits and market penetration. It’s a strategy that can only be used when the firm has market
power, and when the market can separate customers per their willingness to pay. The example used in our textbook separated their customers geographically; the publishing company’s consumers in Australia versus the United States. However, the monopoly can use other means to separate their customers such as age, income level, gender just to name a few (Mankiw, 2021).
Monopolistic Competitive Firms are similar to Monopolies in obtaining profits in the short run, as they also have a downward sloping demand curve, and they set quantity produced where the marginal cost and marginal revenue meet, in this manner, they then choose the price on the demand curve, therefore charging more, and producing less. In the long run, Monopolistic Competitive Firms are not similar to Monopolies as it is easy to enter and exit the Monopolistic Competitive Market. Because of this, the Monopolistic Competitive Market will eventually reach equilibrium. This means firms can and will enter and exit the market according to profit, until equilibrium is reached (Mankiw, 2021). References:
Mankiw, N. G. (2021). Principles of microeconomics (#9 edition). Cengage.
Explain which types of market inefficiencies derive from monopolies. Use examples from the textbook to
support your claims.
Describe the types of inefficiencies that derive from monopolistic competition. Use examples from the textbook to support your claims.
How are monopolies and monopolistic competitive firms profitable? Use examples from the textbook to support your analysis.
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Related Questions
This case study focuses on the pay-for-viewing TV (Pay TV in short) industry in Australia. Back in 2013, Foxtel had just finished acquiring Austar, its major competitor. Foxtel was enjoying near-total dominance in the market. There were other players such as Optus TV and iiNet, however, their market shares were dwarfed by that of Foxtel. IBISWorld reported that Foxtel occupied 92.6% of the market share in 2013. Then in March 2015, Netflix Australia was launched, opening the gate for an influx of other subscription video-on-demand (SVOD) services. These new services were internet-based, which differed from Foxtel’s model of cable TV. Nevertheless, they competed fiercely for subscribers. Fast forward to the present day (October 2021), Australian consumers now have a wealth of choices of the content offered by Foxtel, Netflix, Stan, Amazon Prime, Apple TV, Disney+, Optus Sport, and the recently launched Paramount+ (launched in August 2021).
Questions:
Draw a firm diagram to illustrate…
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Please type your NUMERICAL answer in the space below. ENTER ONLY THE NUMBER. IF answers are in decimals,
please round the number to one decimal point.
Winterfell Cable TV pays $100,000 per year to earn exclusive rights to air a premium sports channel. There are two types
of subscribers in Winterfell: 3,000 die-hard sports fans who will pay as much as $200 a year for the new channel and
20,000 occasional sports viewers who will pay as much as $25 a year for a subscription to it.
a)
If Winterfell Cable is unable to price discriminate, what price will it charge and how much are its profits?
Price
Profits=
b)
If Winterfell Cable is able to price discriminate, how much will it make in profits?
Profits=
What is the deadweight loss associated with the nondiscriminating pricing policy compared to the price
c)
discriminating policy?
DWL=
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Monopolistic competition creates inefficiency because of the markups and excess capacity. The graph below
depicts the situation for a hypothetical monopolistically competitive firm. The curves included in the graph
are demand (D), marginal revenue (MR), average total cost (ATC), and marginal cost (MC). The graph is not
graded, but you can move the point labeled P to help you find the numeric values to answer the questions.
Price $
80
MC
M
45
P
D
ATC
Quantity
What is the size of the markup on the price?
Number
$0
What is the size of the excess capacity?
Number
Units
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BPO Services is in the business of digitizing information from forms that are filled out by hand. In 2006, a big client gave BPO a distribution of the forms that it digitized in house last year, and BPO estimated how much it would cost to digitize each form.
Form Type
Mix of Forms
Form Cost
A
0.2
$0.80
B
0.2
$0.40
C
0.2
$0.40
D
0.2
$1.60
E
0.2
$0.80
The expected cost of digitizing a form is $__________-
.
Suppose the client and BPO agree to a deal, whereby the client pays BPO to digitize forms. The price of each form processed is equal to the expected cost of the form that you calculated in the previous part of the problem.
Suppose that after the agreement, the client sends an equal mix of forms of types D and E only.
The expected digitization cost per form of the forms sent by the client is $___________
. This leads to an expected loss of $__________ per form for BPO. (Hint: Do not round your answers. Enter the loss as a positive number.)
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Give only typing answer with explanation and conclusion
The market demand for a monopoly firm is estimated to be:
Qd = 100,000 - 500P + 2M + 500PR
where Qd is quantity demanded, P is price, M is income, and PR is the price of a related good. The manager has forecasted the values of M and PR will be $50,000 and $20, respectively, in 2016. The average variable cost function is estimated to be
AVC = 520 - 0.03Q + 0.000001Q2
Total fixed cost in 2016 is expected to be $4 million. The profit-maximizing price for 2016 is
$80.
$100.
$260.
$520.
$560.
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What economic formula or graph does the Anti-Trust Department follow before they decide to break up a monopoly?
Multiple Choice
They look to see if MC=MR is beyond $10 billion.
They try to calculate if price elasticity is less than .25 and inelastic.
They do not use any commonly known formulas or graphs. Often times it is based on normative economics and/or it could be politically motivated.
The number of registered consumer complaints must be beyond 10,000.
arrow_forward
Coastal Soda Sales has been granted exclusive market rights to the upcoming Beaufort Seafood Festival. This means that during the festival Coastal will
have a monopoly, and it is anxious to take advantage of this position in its pricing strategy. The daily demand function is
p = 2 – 0.0004x
and the daily total cost function is
C(x)
= 500 + 0.2x + 0.0001x²
where x is the number of units.
(a) Determine Coastal's total revenue, R(x), and profit functions, P(x), in dollars.
R(x) =
P(x)
(b) What profit-maximizing price per soda should Coastal charge?
$
per soda
How many sodas per day would
expect to sell at this price?
sodas per day
What would be the daily profits?
$
per day
(c) If the festival organizers wanted to set an economically efficient price of $1.25 per soda, how would this change the results from part (b)? (Round your
answer for daily profits to the nearest cent.)
sodas per day it would expect to sell
sodas per day
daily profits
per day
Would Coastal be willing to provide sodas…
arrow_forward
How do oligopolies harm society, and what legislations(in the UK) are in place to protect the process of competition? Also, explain why oligopolies cannot maintain monopoly profits and provide an example drawing on prisoner’s dilemma within a specific industry of your choice. (approx. 800 words)
arrow_forward
What is the difference between a price analysis and a cost analysis
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Assume that Gas & Minerals is the only copper mining firm in Chile. The national demand for copper in thousands of tonnes per month is: q^d(p) = 15 - pThe total costs in millions of dollars are: c(q) = 5q(a) What would be the profit-maximising level of production for this firm? Determine the monopoly price and quantify the profits. Graph the demand, marginal revenue and marginal cost, identifying their values along with determining the social loss generated and identifying it in the graph above.
Assume now that due to a bad internal restructuring, the operations manager was fired and a professional with little mining experience was hired. The new manager does not know environmental protocol and mining waste (tailings) has gotten out of control and has been dumped into a river. This generated a negative externality on copper production. The estimated damage is US$5 million per 1,000 tonnes.(b) Obtain the social marginal cost of this mining activity.(c) What level of production will…
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In the 1928, Knoxville was served by a single railroad line. Because alternative forms of transportation were not close substitutes for rail transportation in 1928, this railroad had a transportation monopoly in Knoxville. The estimated monthly fixed cost associated with operating a railroad was $1,200. In addition, there was a constant average variable cost and marginal cost of $0.02 per ton-mile associated with the railroad's operation. The estimated monthly demand for transportation on the railroad was:
Qd = q = 80,000 - 1,000,000P
where Qd was the monthly quantity demanded in ton-miles and P was the price per ton-mile in dollars. Based upon the above equation, answer the following questions:
a. What is the profit-maximizing price and quantity?
b. Would a private company build the railroad?
c. What is the socially optimal price and quantity?
arrow_forward
A monopoly profit-maximizes by selling 700 tables each hour. At this level of
production, it has marginal revenue of $40, average revenue of $50, marginal cost
of $40 and average total cost of $42. What is the monopoly's profit-maximizing
price assuming they are not price discriminating?
Type your numeric answer and submit
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A monopoly sells 30 units of output when price Ksh 12 and 40 units when price is Ksh 10. If its demand schedule is linear, what is the specific form of the actual demand function? Use this function to predict quantity sold when price is Ksh 8. What domain restrictions would you put on this demand function?
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the revenue function for making the worst widget
is r(x)= 15.01x-100. The cost function for producing
this product is represented by the function
c(x)=15x+19900. The worst widget makers turn out
500,000 widgets every year. how many years will
pass before the worst widget company is
profitable?
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Which of the following is NOT a multinational corporation:
a) Apple
b) Disney
c) McDonalds
d) Walmart
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In 2009, Detroit, Michigan experienced an aggressive recession as compared to the rest of country. With unemployment rates topping 15%, the city was faced with many challenges financially, economically, and socially.
In addition to the financial challenges, the city was also experiencing political instability and corruption. Various major city officials were being investigated for fraud, bribery, and other criminal charges.
Spirit Electric, operating as a natural monopoly, was the only company in the area providing electric services to Detroit households. Like many other companies, it was experiencing financial difficulties and could no longer continue without some intervention. This was mainly due to high operating costs, foreclosures in the area, and the fact that many households were not paying their bills.
As a result, Spirit Electric came to a standstill in the latter part of 2009. Matt Green, Spirit Electric CEO, gathered the Board of Directors and determined that the company…
arrow_forward
In 2009, Detroit, Michigan experienced an aggressive recession as compared to the rest of country. With unemployment rates topping 15%, the city was faced with many challenges financially, economically, and socially.
In addition to the financial challenges, the city was also experiencing political instability and corruption. Various major city officials were being investigated for fraud, bribery, and other criminal charges.
Spirit Electric, operating as a natural monopoly, was the only company in the area providing electric services to Detroit households. Like many other companies, it was experiencing financial difficulties and could no longer continue without some intervention. This was mainly due to high operating costs, foreclosures in the area, and the fact that many households were not paying their bills.
As a result, Spirit Electric came to a standstill in the latter part of 2009. Matt Green, Spirit Electric CEO, gathered the Board of Directors and determined that the company…
arrow_forward
In 2009, Detroit, Michigan experienced an aggressive recession as compared to the rest of country. With unemployment rates topping 15%, the city was faced with many challenges financially, economically, and socially.
In addition to the financial challenges, the city was also experiencing political instability and corruption. Various major city officials were being investigated for fraud, bribery, and other criminal charges.
Spirit Electric, operating as a natural monopoly, was the only company in the area providing electric services to Detroit households. Like many other companies, it was experiencing financial difficulties and could no longer continue without some intervention. This was mainly due to high operating costs, foreclosures in the area, and the fact that many households were not paying their bills.
As a result, Spirit Electric came to a standstill in the latter part of 2009. Matt Green, Spirit Electric CEO, gathered the Board of Directors and determined that the company…
arrow_forward
In 2009, Detroit, Michigan experienced an aggressive recession as compared to the rest of country. With unemployment rates topping 15%, the city was faced with many challenges financially, economically, and socially.
In addition to the financial challenges, the city was also experiencing political instability and corruption. Various major city officials were being investigated for fraud, bribery, and other criminal charges.
Spirit Electric, operating as a natural monopoly, was the only company in the area providing electric services to Detroit households. Like many other companies, it was experiencing financial difficulties and could no longer continue without some intervention. This was mainly due to high operating costs, foreclosures in the area, and the fact that many households were not paying their bills.
As a result, Spirit Electric came to a standstill in the latter part of 2009. Matt Green, Spirit Electric CEO, gathered the Board of Directors and determined that the company…
arrow_forward
In 2009, Detroit, Michigan experienced an aggressive recession as compared to the rest of country. With unemployment rates topping 15%, the city was faced with many challenges financially, economically, and socially.
In addition to the financial challenges, the city was also experiencing political instability and corruption. Various major city officials were being investigated for fraud, bribery, and other criminal charges.
Spirit Electric, operating as a natural monopoly, was the only company in the area providing electric services to Detroit households. Like many other companies, it was experiencing financial difficulties and could no longer continue without some intervention. This was mainly due to high operating costs, foreclosures in the area, and the fact that many households were not paying their bills.
As a result, Spirit Electric came to a standstill in the latter part of 2009. Matt Green, Spirit Electric CEO, gathered the Board of Directors and determined that the company…
arrow_forward
According to International Data Corporation (IDC), the number of worldwide smartphone owners will soon exceed 3 billion. That
number is expected to grow at nearly 10 percent per year for the next five years. While the actual cost of a smartphone is about $300,
wireless carriers in many countries offer their customers a "free" smartphone with a two-year wireless service agreement.
This pricing strategy is consistent with which of the following:
Instructions: In order to receive full credit, you must make a selection for each option. For correct answer(s), click the box once to
place a check mark. For incorrect answer(s), click twice to empty the box.
Two-part pricing
Bundling
Cross subsidization
Second-degree price discrimination
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None
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A monopoly that produces beer has estimated the following demand function:
1
p(q) = 300
q + 20t
3000
The variables are defined as follows: p is the price of a liter of beer, q is production, and t is the
monthly average temperature in degrees centigrade. The estimated cost of producing a liter of
beer is $12. Below is a table with the average temperature recorded in Arizona during March and
April.
Month
Temperature
March
35
April
38
a) Find the optimal price for the monopolist in each month
b) Calculate the Mark-up for April and according to it estimate the elasticity of demand.
Comment on the results.
C) Determine the efficiency loss in the month of March.
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Explain the Trial-and-error method?
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An example of technology is
a) earning plumbing certification
Ob) new patent
Oc) degree in finance
Od) new school
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Don't use Ai
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Cigarland is a Latin American country producing cigars. If the unit cost is 11 dollars and firms' mark up
is 20 per cent, calculate the price of each cigar.
Answer the question by providing just the appropriate number of dollars in the box below to one decimal
place (eg 12.3). Do not enter a comma, space, letters, words or symbols (such as $). Failure to follow
these instructions may result in your answer being marked as incorrect.
Next page >
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Assuming your city government has been contracting with a single garbage
collection firm that has been granted an exclusive franchise, the sole right, to
pick up trash within the entire city limits. The city government has estimated the
price residents are willing to pay for various numbers of garbage collections per
month and the total cost facing the garbage collector per resident as shown in
the following table:
Pickup Price per Total
Pickup
(Demand)
Average Marginal Profit
Total Cost Cost (MC)
Marginal Total
(Q)
Revenue
Cost
Revenue
(TR)
(MR)
(TC)
(ATC)
$4.20
$3.20
1
3.80
4.20
2
3.40
5.60
3
7.80
2.60
10.40
15
2.20
13.40
6
1.90
16.80
(a) Please complete the table above
(b) Given that the current garbage collection firm has a monopoly in garbage
collection services, what is the current number of collections (Q) residents
receive per month and the price charged residents (P) for each collection?
Please explain
(c) If competitive bidding were allowed and therefore a competitive market…
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Question 24
Monopoly is characterized by
unique products.
market entry and exit are difficult or impossible.
non-price competition not necessary.
All of these
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Calculus is a powerful tool used in economics. One of the initial applications areas is the study of a firm, a topic in microeconomics. An important function is the cost function function C(x), the cost of producing x items (of whatever they are selling). This question deals with just the cost function C(x).
Problem Set question:
The cost, in dollars, of producing x units of a certain item is given by
C(x)=5x−4x−1−−−−√.
Find the production level that minimizes the average cost per unit.
The number of units that minimizes the average cost is .
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