Macroeconomics Assignment #3

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Scottsdale Community College *

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Economics

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Apr 3, 2024

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Macroeconomics Assignment #3 What are the 3 measurement problems associated with the Consumer Price Index (CPI)? The three measurement problems associated with the Consumer Price Index (CPI) are known as “substitution bias”, “quality change bias”, and “new product bias”. The substitution bias occurs because the Consumer Price Index assumes that consumers will not change their purchasing habits in response to price changes, when in reality, when the price of a good or service increases, consumers may choose to explore and purchase a substitute product because it is less expensive. The quality change bias refers to the fact that the CPI does not always account for improvements in society over time, and as a result, the Consumer Price Index may overstate the inflation rate in an economy. The new product bias occurs because the CPI may not consider or include newly introduced products or services to the economy because as new goods and services are introduced, they may potentially overshadow other existing products in the market. If these new products and services are not included in the Consumer Price Index, it may not accurately reflect the changes in buyer preferences and purchasing habits. To summarize, the CPI is an effective tool for the economy, however, there are challenges such as it being able to accurately measure inflation within an economy. Point out two important differences between the Consumer Price Index and the GDP deflator. The first difference is that the Consumer Price Index focuses on changes in the price of goods and services consumed by households by reflecting the average price that consumers face when purchasing goods and/or services. The GDP Deflator measures changes in the overall price of all goods and services produced within an economy by including the price of goods and services consumed by households, businesses, and even the government. The second difference is that the Consumer Price Index is used to calculate inflation and is often used as a gauge of changes in the cost of living for households. The Consumer Price Index is more commonly used to adjust wages and benefits in order to maintain their purchasing power over time. Adversely, the GDP Deflator is used to calculate the inflation rate within an economy and is a broader measure that reflects price changes economy-wide.
What is core inflation? According to the article, what was the core inflation rate in November 2023? According to the article, “…core inflation was 2.9% at a six-month annualized rate in November 2023, down from 5.1% in the six-month period before that”. Core inflation is defined as the change in prices of goods and services , except for those from the food and energy sectors of an economy. Core inflation aims to remove temporary price fluctuations caused by factors such as a change in price for goods and services, which in turn, can be more volatile and less indicative of inflation trends within an economy. Core inflation gives a great assessment of the overall health of an economy and helps government officials make informed decisions regarding an economy’s monetary policy. Overall, core inflation focuses on the essential parts of inflation while excluding unpredictable factors that consistently exist in an economy. What is the Federal Reserve’s long-term inflation target? Why is the Federal Reserve wary of a victory on the inflation rate? The Federal Reserve’s long-term inflation target is around 2% because the Federal Reserve believes that having an inflation rate that isn’t too high or isn’t too low will encourage spending and investing in goods and services among buyers/consumers in the economy. The Federal Reserve is wary of a victory on the inflation rate because a high inflation rate will decrease the purchasing power of money, which in turn, will lead to a higher price for goods and services and decreased spending and investment in the economy among buyers. Additionally, a high inflation rate can create uncertainties in financial markets as well as make it difficult for the Federal Reserve to control price stability in the economy. It is important that the Federal Reserve closely monitors inflation because it accurately portrays the spending habits and overall health of an economy. What is the largest category of expenditure in the Consumer Price Index? How is this category of spending affecting the overall inflation rate? The largest category of expenditure in the Consumer Price Index is housing coming in at an astonishing 44.6 percent as of November 2023. The housing category includes rent, mortgage payments, as well as housing utilities, and makes up a large portion of consumer budgets nationwide. When housing costs increase, it generally leads to higher overall inflation rates within the economy, increased rental costs for individuals, and higher overall prices for homes. Adversely, when housing prices drop/fall, the inflation rate in the economy will generally be lower for buyers/consumers. Ultimately, changes in the housing category of the Consumer Price Index would have a significant impact on the economy considering that it is the largest category of expenditure in the Consumer Price Index and takes up a large portion of an individual’s annual income.
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