Discussion 2

Assume that people receiving intervention A live 5 years at quality of life of 0.8 and people receiving intervention B live 10 years at quality of life of 0.4. Assume further that the two intervention have equal costs. Compare the cost-effectiveness of these interventions relative to each other and discuss how that would be altered by inclusion of future costs for younger adults and older adults.

While it may seem intuitively obvious that health expenditures will increase as a population age – older people, after all, are less healthy on average than younger people – in fact, several prominent health economists have argued that it is not ageing per se, but rather some of the correlates of an ageing population that cause health expenditures to rise as population ages. For instance, Getzen (1992) argues that, at least in part, rising health expenditures with an ageing population are due to the higher incomes and resources of the older population; health care is a normal good, so higher incomes lead to higher expenditures. In a similar manner, Zweifel et al. (1999) argue that the real problem with an ageing population, at least as far as health care costs are concerned, is that there will be more people who are within a couple of years of dying. Since health care expenditures rise sharply close to the end of life, it is this, rather than population ageing by itself, that leads to…

While it may seem intuitively obvious that health expenditures will increase as a population ages – older people after all are less healthy on average than younger people in fact, several prominent health economists have argued that it is not aging per se, but rather some of the correlates of an aging population that cause health expenditures to rise as a population ages. For instance, Getzen (1992) argues that, at least in part, rising health expenditures with an aging population are due to the higher incomes and resources of the older population; health care is a normal good, so higher incomes lead to higher expenditures. In a similar manner, Zweifel et al. (1999) argue that the real problem with an aging population, at least as far as health care costs are concerned, is that there will be more people who are within a couple of years of dying. Since health care expenditures rise sharply close to the end of life, it is this, rather than population aging by itself, that leads to higher…

Briefly Explain the differences between Rapid Upper Limb Assessment and Rapid Entire Body Assessment.

You have been recruited as an expert in health economics to recommend what is the best therapy for a group of patients. In the image below you will find the decision tree showing the probabilities for different health states and outcomes for patients undergoing two possible treatments, No drug therapy and Drug therapy. Based on the expected cost, which therapy would you recommend as the least expensive? Explain how you arrived at your recommendation and show your calculations the space provided. No drug theraphy ? Drug theraphy ? HEALTH STATES PROBABILITIES Remain in Good Health 0.5 Develop disease A 0.2 Develop disease B 0.2 Die 0.1 Remain in Good Health 0.53 Develop disease A 0.16 Develop disease B 0.22 Die 0.09 OUTCOMES (Costs) $0 $400 $300 $200 SO $800 $500 $0

According to Barr, the SES into which you were born and spent your childhood has more predictive power for health as an adult than does your SES category as an adult. True False

The insured population requiring care from the health services falls into one of two groups (pathologies to treat): type A and type B patients. Let's assume that there is only one patient per group. So, there are patients of one type (A) with a disease that reduces their health status in 5 QALYS, and there are patients of another type (B) with an illness that reduces their health status in 3 QALYS. Several drugs are available to the population. The more expensive they are, the greater their efficacy and the greater the number of QALYS gained. The price of a drug is related to its effectiveness and the price of the drug rises by one monetary unit for each additional QALY it provides. Therefore, to be able to restore their health, type A patients need a drug priced at 5 monetary units, and type B patients need a drug priced at 3 monetary units. Both patients (A and B) have the same income, 10 monetary units. What sacrifice, in welfare units per QALY, must a type B patient endure to be…

That is the "triple aim" concept as applied to health care goals?

There is a consensus among health economists that socioeconomic status (SES) has a major impact on health, but health does not have a significant effect on SES. True False

Is it appropriate to evaluate a healthcare intervention using various methods of economic evaluation or should we choose one primary method that best fits the analysis?

Do not use chatgpt. Answer with explanation. Answer in step by step

[B] Is it appropriate to evaluate a healthcare intervention using various methods of economic evaluation or should we choose one primary method that best fits the analysis?

Suppose that in the fictional country ASU in 2012, a mandate was passed where everyone between the ages of 23-25 will receive health insurance at a discounted rate, while individuals aged 27-29 were not impacted by this policy. You, a researcher, want to study the effect of offering discounted health insurance coverage on the use of mental health services. You have data on the average number of visits for these two age groups over time. Using the information in the table below, a quick difference-in-difference calculation suggests that the mandate led to Time Periods Age group Avg. Avg. Number of Number of visits visits Pre-2012. Post-2012 23 to 25 2.3 27 to 29 2.5 approximately 0.3 more visits. approximately 0.7 more visits. approximately 0.4 fewer visits. approximately 0.7 fewer visits. approximately 0.3 fewer visits. 020202 337 SUCHARY 3.0 2.9 P 1302 126 70 5572 25 20120822 2012 C

Which is the relationship between the local average treatment effect (LATE) and the treatment on the treated (TOT)? Can you identify the conditions for these two measures to coincide?

Describe Grossman's Improvement Model of Health.  How does Grossman reconcile health as both something in demand and something produced by individuals?

How can extensive government intervention influence health economics

Indicate whether the statement is true or false, and justify your answer.There is a consensus among health economists that socioeconomic status has a major impact on health, but health does not have a significant effect on SES.

An article in JAMA by Mandelblatt et al (2002) compared the societal costs and benefits of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, Pap testing, and their combination to screen for cervical cancer. The paper studied 18 different population screening strategies – Pap testing alone, HPV testing alone, and Pap plus HPV testing – every 2 or 3 years for women beginning at age 20 and continuing to 65 years, 75 years, and death.  The following table summarizes some of the results (low cost to high cost).  Costs include screening and treatment costs, discounted over the individual’s expected lifetime.   Strategy Cost ($) QALYs Saved Incremental Cost Incremental QALY ICER* 0. No screening 5,000 26.87       1. Pap every 3 years to age 75 6,825 27.02       2. HPV every 3 years to age 75 6,950 27.02       3. Pap every 2 years to age 75 7,275 27.04       4. Pap + HPV every 3 years to age 75 7,400 27.04       5. HPV every 2 years to age 75 7,450…

Finkelstein, et al. (2003) estimate the national medical spending attributable to being overweight and obese to be $92.6 billion. This is an example of: Group of answer choices a. Cost-of-illness study b. Cost minimization c. Cost-effectiveness analysis d. Cost-benefit analysis e. None of the above.

Suppose you are currently (i.e. 2024) performing a cost-effectiveness analysis and you wish to include the cost per visit of a hospital admission for an acute ischemic stroke in a patient without major complications or comorbidities in your analysis. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's HCUP National Inpatient Sample online database reports the following information for 2015: 2015 National Medicare-Severity Diagnosis Related Groups (MS-DRG): #063 Acute ischemic stroke w use of thrombolytic agent w/o cc/mcc Number Total number of discharges: N All discharges + Rate Rate of discharges per 100,000 persons 2.2 Length of stay LOS (length of stay), days (mean) 3.0 LOS (length of stay), days (median) 3.0 Hospital charges Charges, $ (mean) 63,243 Hospital costs Costs, $ (mean) 15,239 + Due to the transition from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM in October 2015, these 2015 statistics were calculated using only quarter 1-3 data, and the statistics available are limited What would you use for…