8 Extra Exercises with Answers

6. Exercise 4.6 An econometrician hired to analyse a local golf course has determined that there are two types of golfers, the regular and the occasional. The annual demand for games from regular players is given by QH = 24 - 0.3P, where P is the price of a round of golf. On the other hand, the annual demand for occasional items is given by Q° = 10 - 0.1P. The marginal cost and the average total cost per item are equal to €20. a) If you could distinguish between regular and casual players, what price would be set for each type? How many games would each type of player play? How much profit could the golf course generate? Represent graphically. b) As an alternative to the discrimination of third degree prices, those in charge consider a double tranche rate according to which the members can play as many games as they wish at a price of € 20 per game. How much profit will the golf course generate if it charges all players the same annual fee for becoming a member of the club? What if you…

Exercise 3.1 A publisher must take a decision on the pricing of a new book based on the following demand estimates: Price 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Number of copies demanded 0 100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 800 000 900 000 1 000 000 According to his contract, the writer gets two million euros for writing the book and the marginal cost of publishing the book is constant at €10 per book. a) Calculate the total income, total cost and profit corresponding to each amount. How many books would a profit-maximizing publisher print? What price would she charge? (b) Calculate the marginal revenue. What is the difference between marginal revenue and price? Explain your answer. c) Draw the curves of marginal revenue, marginal cost and demand. For what output level does the marginal revenue curve cut the marginal cost curves? What does that mean?

Panini, a popular sandwich shop, offers 3 types of sandwiches: Grill vegetables, grilled chicken and pastrami. The table below provides demand data: Pastrami Grilled Vegetables Grilled Chicken Demand per hour 25 25 10 There are up to five steps in the process of making sandwiches, listed below with activity times. Only 50% of customers want their sandwich toasted, no matter which sandwich is ordered. Step Grilled Vegetables Grilled Chicken Pastrami Cut bread 75 minutes .75 minutes .75 minutes Grill 1.9 minutes 1.9 minutes Slice meat 3 minutes Toast 2 minutes 2 minutes 2 minutes Wrap .75 minutes .75 minutes .75 minutes Suppose Panini employs 1 worker at each step. What is the implied utilization of the bottleneck of this process?

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BigSwaba Corp produces virus home test kits which it sells in the market. It pays a marketing company to post Instagram images of people using the kits in the comfort of their own homes. The demand for the kits and cost of production are as follows: 1 1 Cost: C=200+=q´ +m 1/2 Demand: p=48+m/: Where m is the firm's marketing expenditure. Assume the CEO of BigSwaba asks you to help the company maximize profit. а. How many kits should the company sell and at what price? b. What is the demand elasticity at this output level? C. What should their marketing budget be? Assume the CEO of BigSwaba realizes her bonus will determined not by profits, but by the firm's revenue. Maintaining the same marketing budget as in part a: d. What quantity should the firm produce to maximize revenue?

Based on Zangwill (1992). Murray Manufacturing runs a day shift and a night shift. Regardless of the number of units produced, the only production cost during a shift is a setup cost. It costs $8000 to run the day shift and $4500 to run the night shift. Demand for the next two days is as follows: day 1, 2000; night 1, 3000; day 2, 2000; night 2, 3000. It costs $1 per unit to hold a unit in inventory for a shift. a. Determine a production schedule that minimizes the sum of setup and inventory costs. All demand must be met on time. (Note: Not all shifts have to be run.) b. After listening to a seminar on the virtues of the Japanese theory of production, Murray has cut the setup cost of its day shift to $1000 per shift and the setup cost of its night shift to $3500 per shift. Now determine a production schedule that minimizes the sum of setup and inventory costs. All demand must be met on time. Show that the decrease in setup costs has actually raised the average inventory level. Is this…

Based on market research, a film production company in Ectenian obtains the following information about the demand and production costs of its new DVD:Demand: P = 1,000 – 10QTotal Revenue: TR = 1,000Q – 10Q2Marginal Revenue: MR = 1,000 – 20QMarginal Cost: MC = 100 + 10Qwhere Q indicates the number of copies sold and P is the price in Ectenian dollars.d. Suppose, in addition to the costs above, the director of the film has to be paid. The company is considering four options:i. A flat fee of 2,000 Ectenian dollarsii. 50 percent of the profitsiii. 150 Ectenian dollars per unit soldiv. 50 percent of the revenueFor each option, calculate the profit-maximizing price and quantity. Which, if any, of these compensation schemes would alter the deadweight loss from monopoly? Explain

Suppose that managers at Honda are deciding how to price the new Honda Accord. The managers estimate that their total costs increase by $20,000 for each car they produce. They also estimate the demand curve they face; it is described by the equation: Q = -0.4 P + 16,000, where Q represents the quantity of Honda Accords they will sell and P represents the price they charge in US dollars. We can re-write that demand curve as: P = 40,000 - 2.5 Q. Take every possibly quantity that the managers might choose between and 7,000 in units of 100. For each possible quantity, calculate the associated price the managers would need to charge, the revenue they would earn, and the total costs. You can then calculate profits for each level of quantity. Highlight the cell that contains the highest value of profit. Finally, you can also approximate marginal revenue here as the change in total revenue after the next 100 cars are produced. At what quantity does marginal revenue roughly equal marginal cost?…

Suppose that managers at Honda are deciding how to price the new Honda Accord. The managers estimate that their total costs increase by $20,000 for each car they produce. They also estimate the demand curve they face; it is described by the equation: Q = -0.4 P + 16,000, where Q represents the quantity of Honda Accords they will sell and P represents the price they charge in US dollars. We can re-write that demand curve as: P = 40,000 - 2.5 Q. Take every possibly quantity that the managers might choose between 0 and 7,000 in units of 100. For each possible quantity, calculate the associated price the managers would need to charge, the revenue they would earn, and the total costs. You can then calculate profits for each level of quantity. Highlight the cell that contains the highest value of profit.

Exercise A.9 In a market only two firms produce a homogeneous good. You work on one of them and are tasked with drawing up the production strategy for the coming year. The two companies in the market have the same information and the objective of both is the maximization of their profit. You know: the inverse market demand curve of the good: P(Q)=200-2Q where Q = q₁ + q₂ , the function that represents the costs of your company and the rival company: C(qᵢ) = 20qᵢ (for i=1, 2), and the data in the following table, with the optimal decisions according to the different types of competition:C(qᵢ) = 20qᵢ and the data in the following table, with the optimal decisions according to the different types of competition:   q1 q2 P Bertrand 45 45 20 Cournot 30 30 80 Collusion 22,5 22,5 110 a) What is more in your company's interest to compete or cooperate with the rival company? Keep in mind that explicit collusion agreements are illegal, so each…

Ethanol, a fuel, is made from corn. Ethanol production increased 9.1 times from 2000 to 2019 (https://ethanolrfa.org/statistics/annual-ethanolproduction/). What effect did this increased use of corn for producing ethanol have on the price of corn and the consumption of corn as food? 1.) Use the line drawing tool to draw either a new demand curve (D₂) or a new supply curve (S₂) that shows how the increased use of corn for producing ethanol affects the market for corn as food. Properly label this line. 2.) Use the point drawing tool to indicate the new market equilibrium. Label this point 'e₂'. Carefully follow the instructions above, and only draw the required objects. $, price of corn Q₁ Q, quantity of corn as food S₁ D₁

An umbrella manufacturer sells its product in Nevada and Oregon. Due to different climates, each state has different demands for umbrellas. The marginal cost of production is the same in each state and is a constant $10. The demand curve for raincoats in each state is: QOregon = 120-2P (or P = 60 -0.5QOregon) QNevada = 60 - 4P (or P = 15 -0.25QNevada) The umbrella manufacturer wants to practice third-degree price discrimination. How much should it charge in each state? (Assume that resale between the states is not possible.) P = $10 (price = marginal cost) in both Oregon and Nevada. P = $35 in Oregon and P = $10 in Nevada. P = $35 in Oregon and P = $12.5 in Nevada. It should only sell in Oregon, and charge P = $35 there. None of the above choices are correct.

Use the interactive points to locate the point of critical mass and equilibrium for a hypothetical network good, the questions that follow. Price ($) 50 45 Critical mass Equilibrium 40 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Marginal cost Demand 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Quantity of users (in thousands)

Green et al. (2005) estimate the supply and demand curves for California processed tomatoes. The supply function is: In(Q) = 0.200 + 0.550 In(p). where Q is the quantity of processing tomatoes in millions of tons per year and p is the price in dollars per ton. The demand function is: In(Qa) = 2.600 - 0.200 In(p) + 0.150 In(p;). where p, is the price of tomato paste (which is what processing tomatoes are used to produce) in dollars per ton. Suppose pt = $109. Determine how the equilibrium price and quantity of processing tomatoes change if the price of tomato paste falls by 7%. If the price of tomato paste falls by 7%, then the equilibrium price will by S . (Enter a numeric response using a real number rounded to two decimal places.)

Please explain correctly and clearly.

The quantity of a product demanded by consumers is a function of its price. The quantity of one product demanded may also depend on the price of other products. For example, if the only chocolate shop in town (a monopoly) sells milk and dark chocolates, the price it sets for each affects the demand of the other. The quantities demanded, q₁ and q2, of two products depend on their prices, p₁ and P₂, as follows: If one manufacturer sells both products, how should the prices be set to generate the maximum possible revenue? What is that maximum possible revenue? Enter the exact answers. P₁ = i P2 = The maximum revenue is i 91235-4p₁ - 2P₂ 92 = 220-3p₁ - 4P2. i

Green et al. (2005) estimate the supply and demand curves for California processed tomatoes. The supply function is In(Q) = 0.250 +0.450 In(p), Question Viewer where Q is the quantity of processing tomatoes in millions of tons per year and p is the price in dollars per ton. The demand function is In(Q)=2.600 -0.200 In(p) + 0.150 In(pt), where pt is the price of tomato paste (which is what processing tomatoes are used to produce) in dollars per ton. How does the quantity of processing tomatoes supplied vary with the price? It might be easier for you to exponentiate both sides of the equation first. Exponentiating both sides of the supply equation, Q = e(0.250+ 0.450ln(p)) The effect of a change in price on quantity supplied is = (Properly format your expression using the tools in the palette. Hover over tools to see keyboard shortcuts. E.g., a fraction can be created with the / character.)

Distinguish between technical efficiency and economic efficiency

A manufacturing business can supply 60 plasma TV sets per month at a price of $280 per set, or sell 140 plasma TV sets if the price is $370 per set. A group of retailers will buy 80 plasma TV’s if the price is $350 per pair and 120 plasma TV’s if the price is $300 per set.  Given that the demand and supply functions must be linear: Find the linear equations representing both demand and supply Find the point of market equilibrium (number of TVs: q) and the price per unit (p) at that point.

In a small college town there is only one movie theater. In a given month, if the theater is open, the owners have to pay a fixed amount of $6,000 for the films, ushers, etc., regardless of how many people come to the movies. For simplicity, assume that if the theater is closed, its costs are zero. The demand function for movie tickets in the town is characterized by ??= 45−QT/60 a. Find the profit-maximizing price and quantity of movie tickets, and indicate them on the graph above. How much would the theater make in profits? b. Suppose the local government implements a property tax, so that each month the theater now must pay a lump sum tax of $700. What will be the price and quantity of movie tickets under this tax?

The following are excerpts from the article: Stirring the Pot . $80 Coffee Beans – Yikes! Bangor Times. May 22nd, 2016. “ The Third Wave in coffee refers to the growth of small, independent coffee roasters who developed as an alternative to Starbucks when that company grew and disaffected coffee drinkers looked for alternative sources for their caffeinated drinks." "...companies of this type provide a relatively small clientele with great tasting coffees and verified attributes in the sourcing of coffee beans- organic, shade- grown, bird friendly, direct trade (it's better than fair trade), single-farm sourced, etc". "For a Third Wave coffee company, the goal is to satisfy existing consumer interest or create new consumer interest in attributes that its customers believe only that company can offer." "...firms are always trying to create new and better differentiation to set themselves apart from those who have been successfully earning monopoly profits. This very phenomenon is seen as…

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Jack is the owner of the only local bar in a small town.He sells whiskey in one-ounce glasses. For simplicity, let’s assume it doesn’t cost Jack anything to run his business. There are two customers, Adam and Burt who are twin brothers. Adam’s demand function is yA = 16 – 2p, and Burt’s demand function is yB = 8 – p (price is measured in dollars and quantity is measured by ounces). Jack knows their demand functions, but the problem is that he cannot tell them apart since they look exactly the same to him. To increase his profits, Jack offers the following two options that his customers can choose from: (1) You can pay $T1 up front and drink as much as you want; or (2) Pay $T2 up front and the price per ounce of whiskey will be $p. 1.a If p = 4, what is the maximal T2 that Jack can charge so that Burt is willing to come to the bar? 1.b What is the maximal T1 that Jack can charge so that Adam will choose the first pricing option?   Answer Key that was given. I seems not to understand…

Take this hypothetical situation: Suppose that the supply side of the market for for electric energy is comprised of two sellers: Seller 1 and Seller 2. Let P be the price of one unit of electric energy, and Q be the quantity of electric energy. Seller 1 owns a hydropower factory with a constant marginal cost of $3 and can produce a maximum of 10 units of electric energy. In addition, the hydropower plant has a requirement of a minimum of 3 units of electric energy. Seller 2 owns a solar factory to produce electric energy. This factory has a constant marginal cost of $5 and can produce a maximum of 5 units of electric energy. With this given information, please sketch the market supply by aggregating the two individual supplies. Please label the graph clearly for slopes, kinks, intercepts, etc.

Take this hypothetical situation: Suppose that the supply side of the market for for electric energy is comprised of two sellers: Seller 1 and Seller 2. Let P be the price of one unit of electric energy, and Q be the quantity of electric energy. Seller 1 owns a hydropower factory with a constant marginal cost of $3 and can produce a maximum of 10 units of electric energy. In addition, the hydropower plant has a requirement of a minimum of 3 units of electric energy. Seller 2 owns a solar factory to produce electric energy. This factory has a constant marginal cost of $5 and can produce a maximum of 5 units of electric energy. A) With this given information, please sketch the market supply by aggregating the two individual supplies. Please label the graph clearly for slopes, kinks, intercepts, etc. B) Suppose that the price of geothermal increases. On the graph drawn in part A, show precisely how the supply curve changes. C) Suppose that the price of geothermal increases. In a market…

(Problem 3.4 in Chapter 2 of Perloff) The estimated Canadian processed pork demand function (Moschini and Meilke, 1992) is Q = 171 - 20p + 20pp + 3pc + 2Y, and the supply function is Q = 178 +40p - 60pn. If Ph=1.5 (dollars per kg), p₁= 4 (dollars per kg), p= 3 (dollars per kg), and Y= 12.5 (thousands of dollars), what are the equilibrium price and quantity? Given the estimated demand and supply functions above, what is the equilibrium price of Canadian processed pork? Round your answer to two decimal places.

A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: Price ($) Quantity (diamonds) 8000 5000 7000 6000 6000 7000 5000 8000 4000 9000 3000 10000 2000 11000 1000 12000   a) If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity?   b) If there were only one supplier of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity?   c) If Russia and South Africa formed a cartel, what would be the price and quantity? If the countries split the market evenly, what would be South Africa’s production and profit? What would happen to South Africa’s profit if it increased its production by 1,000 while Russia stuck to the cartel agreement?  d)  Use your answers to part (c) to explain why cartel agreements are often not successful.