PHY 112 Lab 6 - Sofia Villamil Quintanar

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Rio Salado Community College *

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112

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Electrical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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PHY112 Lab 6 Name: Sofia Villamil Quintanar Section: 26190 Circuits For this lab, you will be using the PhET Circuit Construction kit . Once the lab loads, you will be presented with three options: AC Voltage, RLC, and Lab. Click on Lab twice and a workspace with a number of circuit components, settings, and tools will appear. Use the simulation to answer all the following questions. Circuit Setup Drag the necessary electrical components from the panel on the left onto the center workspace. Once a component has been dragged onto the center workspace, you can click on the component and adjust the value associated with the component using the slider at the bottom of the screen. Components can also be removed or rotated. Wires can be used to connect the ends of the components. Remember for electricity to flow, a complete circuit is needed. Once the circuits are complete the blue dots should start moving. You will need to set up three circuits (See the images below): 1. A simple circuit with a battery (12 V), two wires, and a resistor (20 Ohms). 2. A series circuit with a battery (12 V), two resistors (right-20 Ohms and bottom-60 Ohms), and three wires. 3. A parallel circuit with a battery (12 V), two resistors (top-20 Ohms and bottom-60 Ohms) and four wires.

1. Include a screen shot showing your three circuits: Parallel Circuit Series Circuit Simple Circuit

Part 1 ̶ Series Versus Parallel 2. The blue dots represent charge moving through the wires. Does this simulation show true current (i.e., movement of negative charge) or conventional current (i.e., movement of positive charge)? Explain. 3. Qualitatively examine the movement of charge through each of the resistors in both the series and parallel circuits. Use these observations to determine which resistor in each circuit has the largest resistance. Indicate your choice and explain your reasoning in the chart below based on your observations. Circuit Largest resistor in the circuit (i.e., left or right or top or bottom) Explanation Parallel Right The current that is going through the resistor is moving slower than it is moving on the left. Series Equal The current moving through the resistor looks to be moving at equal speeds on both side. 4. Under the tools section on the right-hand side, drag the voltmeter and noncontact ammeter onto your work area. Use the voltmeter and noncontact ammeter to complete the following table. You can move the voltmeter, voltmeter leads, and noncontact ammeter around the simulation area. Note that the noncontact ammeter must be over a wire, so chose the wires carefully to get the correct reading for the elements below. Use the measurements to calculate the resistance for each resistor. Compare these calculated values to the resistor values you set up originally. Current through the component (amps) Voltage across the component (volts) Resistance (ohm) Parallel circuit element Battery 0.76 15.3 Top resistor 0.61 15.3 25.1 The simulation does show true current, we see that the charge is moving toward the positive terminus, so we know that the movement of the negative charge is moving from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of the battery.

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Bottom resistor 0.15 15.3 101.9 Series circuit element Battery 0.37 13 Right resistor 0.37 1.87 5.05 Bottom resistor 0.37 9.7 26.2 5. Examine the data results. What conclusions can you draw concerning series circuits? What conclusions can you draw concerning parallel circuits? Be specific and include the comparison of the calculated and original resistance across the resistors. 6. Use the resistance values from the data table to calculate the overall resistance for each circuit. Show your work. 7. Compare the current in the wire connected to the battery in the series circuit to the current in the wire connected to the battery in the parallel circuit. Use your qualitative and quantitative observations to explain any similarities or differences. Be specific and detailed in your discussion. Part 2 ̶ DC Versus AC 8. Click on the battery for the parallel circuit and select remove. From the list of components on the right of the simulation screen, drag an AC Voltage onto your work area. Connect it to your parallel circuit where the battery used to be. Do the same for the series circuit. Describe the motion of the charges in the wires. What is similar and what is different about these circuits versus the original circuits with the batteries? In a series circuit, current will remain constant and voltage across each resistor will decrease. There will also be an increase in the total resistance. In a parallel circuit, current will decrease in each resistor and voltage will remain constant. Parallel: 1/R P = 1/25.1) + (1/101.9) = 0.0496 R P = 20.16 ohms Series: R S = R1 + R2 = 5.05 + 26.2 = 31.25 ohms The current that is going through the parallel circuit is 0.76 A and the current that is going through the series circuit is 0.37 A, therefore it appears as is the current going through the battery in the parallel circuit is faster than the one going through the series circuit. This is because the current is found to be twice as large, current remains constant in a series circuit but current changes based off resistance in a parallel circuit. The charge that are in the wire seem to be moving sort of back and forth in the circuit, they are moving left to right but they appear to be barely moving.

9. Place the voltmeter leads across the AC voltage source for the parallel circuit. Place the noncontact ammeter so you can read the current through the AC voltage source. Observe the readings on both meters. Repeat the process for the series circuit. Highlight or circle your answers to each of the following questions: 10. Click on one of the AC Voltage sources and change voltage to 50 V. Observe the effect(s) on the circuit. Do this for both circuits. Click on one of the AC Voltage sources and change frequency to 2.0 Hz. Observe the effect(s) on the circuit. Do this for both circuits. Click on one of the resistors in the circuit and select remove. Replace the resistor with a lightbulb from the options on the left of the simulation. Record your observations. Do this for both circuits. With the lightbulb still in the circuit, switch the AC source out for a battery. How does the behavior of the lightbulb in a DC circuit compare to the behavior of a lightbulb in an AC circuit? Do this for both circuits. Record all observations on the table below. Be specific and detailed. Change to the circuit Effect(s) on series circuit behavior Effect(s) on parallel circuit behavior Increase the voltage on an AC circuit Current increases with an increase in voltage. Current will increase relative to an increase in voltage. When the voltage is at a maximum positive value, the current is at a value that is a) maximum positive. b) maximum negative. c) zero (no current). When the voltage is at zero, the current is at a value that is a) maximum positive. b) maximum negative. c) zero (no current).

Increase frequency of an AC circuit Particles are moving back and forth, current increased Moving back and forth quicker, there is an increase in current but in the right resistor there is less current so the particles on the right side seem to be moving slower. Replace one resistor with a lightbulb in an AC circuit As the voltage approaches 0, the light bulb turned off, but as the voltage increase, the light bulb got brighter. As the voltage approaches 0, the light bulb turned off, but as the voltage increase, the light bulb got brighter. With lightbulb in circuit, replace AC source with DC source When a 9V battery is integrated the light is barely lit, but when you increase it to 25V the light is constant With the same voltage as the series circuit the light shines brighter due to an increase in current. 11. What conclusions can you draw from your observations? Be detailed and specific and include observations from the simulation in your summary. In series, the current will be the same throughout the entire circuit and voltage in the circuit will be the sum of all the voltages across all the resistors. Resistance in series will increase the total resistance. For a parallel circuit, the total current will be the sum off all the components in the circuit, the voltage is the same through the batteries and the resistors. The resistance will be the inverse sum of the resistors that are in the circuit.

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