PHY 112 Lab 3 Report - Sofia Villamil Quintanar

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Rio Salado Community College *

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112

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Electrical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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Sofia Villamil Quintanar PHY 112 #26190 9/16/2023 Equipotential Mapping Lab Lab Purpose/Question: The purpose of this lab is to examine the potentials at various positions between a positive and a negative point source. Materials: - 9V Battery - 9V Battery Connector - 2 Insulated Wires with Alligator Clips - Voltmeter - Styrofoam Base - 2 Nails - Flat-Bottomed Container (Plastic or Glass) - Permanent Marker - Tape or Glue - Tap Water - Ruler Procedures: 1. Open a new excel sheet and label each column with a letter and each row with a number.

2. Using the Styrofoam block create a 1 cm x 1 cm grid on top of the block, use a permanent marker to draw the lines. 3. Label the grid space on the Styrofoam so that it matches the grid in the excel sheet. 4. Obtain the 2 nails are position them 5-10 cm apart and push the top of the nails through the bottom of the Styrofoam base. 5. Continue to push the nails through the foam until the bottom of the nails are flush with the bottom of the base. The foam should now allow the nails to remain vertical without falling over. 6. Use a ruler to locate the position that is exactly halfway between the 2 nails. Use the pen to mark this position on the Styrofoam base. This will be the zero potential location. 7. Obtain a flat-bottomed, nonmetal container that can hold a few inches of water. Tape or glue the Styrofoam base with the embedded nails to the bottom of the container so that it will not float when you add water. 8. Add tap water until the water level is roughly 1 cm above the top of the Styrofoam base. 9. Connect the tops of each nail to an insulated wire with an alligator clip. Connect the other end of the insulated wire to the leads on the 9V battery connector. Be careful to keep the wires out of the water. Do no insert the battery until you are ready to begin data collection. 10. Obtain a multimeter from the lab kit. To turn it into a voltmeter: plug the black lead into the slot marked COM, plug the red lead into the fused slot, and turn the dial to DCV 20. 11. Once the lab setup is complete, take a picture. 12. Connect the battery to the 9V battery connector.

13. Test the setup by placing the black voltmeter lead in contact with nail connected to the negative side of the 9V battery. Placed the red voltmeter lead in contact with the nail connected to the positive side of the 9V battery. The voltmeter should read approximately 9.0V 14. If the meter does not read this value, do the following steps: a. Check that you have correctly set up the voltmeter. Remove the battery from the battery connector and place the black voltmeter lead on the negative side of the battery and the red lead on the positive side of the battery. If you don’t get a 9V reading, your meter is not correctly connected. b. Check that all other wire connections are secure. c. Check that your battery firmly sits in the battery connecter. d. Make sure that both nails are in contact with the water. e. Disconnect the batter. Dissolve a few teaspoons of salt into the water and mix. Reconnect the battery. 15. Once certain that the lab is setup correctly, you may now begin data collection. 16. Place the black voltmeter lead in the water at the position halfway between the 2 nails that you marked earlier. This lead will remain at this position throughout the data collection. The lead needs to be in contact with the water. Do not push it into the Styrofoam. 17. Place the red lead in the water in the center of the A1 grid space. Make sure that the lead is in contact with the water. Do not push it into the Styrofoam. 18. Record the voltmeter reading in the matching A1 cell in your excel file.

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19. Move the red voltmeter lead to the center of the A2 square on your Styrofoam. And record the value in the A2 cell in the excel file. 20. Repeat this until you have measured the voltage at each of the squares on your Styrofoam block. 21. Some of the voltage readings may have a negative value. Be sure to include the negative in the data table. 22. Be sure to thoroughly dry the voltmeter leads and any other circuit components when you have completed the lab. 23. Create a Contour graph. Highlight the entire excel data table. Select the insert tab at the top of the screen. 24. In the charts section, select the drop-down menu for insert stock, surface, or radar. Under the surface heading, select either contour or wire frame contour. Give the graph an appropriate, descriptive title and label both axes (don’t forget units). 25. Create a 3D graph. Highlight the entire data table. Select the insert tab at the top of the screen. In the charts section, select the drop-down for insert stock, surface, or radar. Under the surface heading, select either 3D surface of wireframe 3D surface. 26. You can rotate the graph to examine the data. Include appropriate titles and axis labels on the graph. 27. Write a formal lab report using the format discussed below. Copy your data table and both graphs from the excel file and place it into the main report.

Photographs of Experiment: Data:

Calculations & Graphs:

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Results: As the red lead moved from square to square, the voltmeter constantly changed values. As the lead got to squared that were closer to the nail that was in contact with the positive lead, the readings on the voltmeter where more and more positive and as the lead got closer to the nail that was in contact with the negative lead, the readings got more and more negative. The reading on the voltmeter got closer to zero as the lead got closer to the zero position that was between both nails. Conclusion: In this lab we were able to determine the voltage between the two nails using a 9V battery. Electric potential or voltage is the potential energy that is required to change the position of a test charge in the electric field that is created by a separate source charge. The potential is determined by the distance between the test charge and the amount of charge the source has. The voltmeter is used in the lab to determine the potential at different locations surrounding the two different charge locations. From the results of the lab we see that as the red lead moved from square to square, the voltmeter constantly changed values. As the lead got to squared that were closer to

the nail that was in contact with the positive lead, the readings on the voltmeter where more and more positive and as the lead got closer to the nail that was in contact with the negative lead, the readings got more and more negative. The reading on the voltmeter got closer to zero as the lead got closer to the zero position that was between both nails. As we look at the graphs we can then see that positive point sources appears as electrical hills and that negative point sources form electrical valleys. Analysis Questions Response: 1. At what grid position should you place a positive particle so that it has the largest potential? At what position would you place a negative particle? Explain. a. You should place a positive particle near a positively charged source so that it will have the largest potential, and you should place a negative particle near a negatively charged source so that it will have the largest potential. This is because since same charges repel one another, the in these locations a very high potential energy will be created. 2. Describe how your results would change if you used a 12V car battery instead of a 9V battery. Be specific and explain your answers. a. If you change the battery from 9V to 12V the overall voltage will increase because the voltage of the battery is what is used to determine the quantity of the source charge.

3. Describe how your results would change if you placed the black voltmeter lead at the negatively charged nail rather than at a point halfway between the two nails. Be specific and explain your answers. a. If the black lead was instead placed by the nail connected to the negative lead instead of being in the zero position between the two nails than that means that the black lead would now have a source charge meaning that the data would then most likely become more negative.

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