NTK-NIK 110+9 assignment for fall 2023

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Madisonville Community College *

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105

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Electrical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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Now I Know (NIK) Assignment CLASS: BTS 110 | ASSIGNMENT CODE: NIK 110+9 | DUE DATE: As posted within the Blackboard course TOPIC: Introduction to pathogens | STUDENT’S NAME: Levi Ford DIRECTIONS: Complete the NIK “Now-I-Know” entries below that are presented in each lettered block in accordance to the preceding NTK “Need-to-Know” entry/entries within the block. The assignment ends when there are no more NTK entries presented by the instructor and/or the word “STOP!” appears. GRADING CRITERIA: To receive full credit for this assignment, the student must: Complete all intended NIK entries, AND…. Submit work that is their own and not that of someone else, AND… Turn the assignment in on time, AND… Provide the appropriate responses, AND… Include their name in the appropriate space in the upper header of the assignment, AND... Utilize acceptable writing practices and grammatical rules. The following is an example of a completed student entry block. A Block Investigation | Resource: XY book, page 44 By knowing this… NTK> The number of letters in the alphabet? (as presented by the instructor) I am able to present this… NIK> The alphabet contains 26 letters, A through Z. (as provided by the student)

START of ASSIGNMENT A Block Investigation | Resource: https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-a-pathogen By knowing this… NTK> What a pathogen is? I am able to present this… NIK>A pathogen is an organism that causes disease. Your body is naturally full of microbes. However, these microbes only cause a problem if your immune system is weakened or if they manage to enter a normally sterile part of your body. Pathogens are different and can cause disease upon entering the body. All a pathogen needs to thrive and survive is a host. Once the pathogen sets itself up in a host’s body, it manages to avoid the body’s immune responses and uses the body’s resources to replicate before exiting and spreading to a new host. Pathogens can be transmitted a few ways depending on the type. They can be spread through skin contact, bodily fluids, airborne particles, contact with feces, and touching a surface touched by an infected person. B Block Investigation | Resource: https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-a-pathogen By knowing this… NTK> The four most common types of pathogens? I am able to present this… NIK>There are different types of pathogens, but we’re going to focus on the four most common types: viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. C Block Investigation | Resource: https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-a-pathogen By knowing this… NTK> What viruses are?

I am able to present this… NIK>Viruses are made up of a piece of genetic code, such as DNA or RNA, and protected by a coating of protein. Once you’re infected, viruses invade host cells within your body. They then use the components of the host cell to replicate, producing more viruses. After the replication cycle is complete, these new viruses are released from the host cell. This usually damages or destroys the infected cells. Some viruses can remain dormant for a time before multiplying again. When this happens, a person appears to have recovered from the viral infection, but gets sick again. Antibiotics do not kill viruses and therefore are ineffective as a treatment for viral infections. Antiviral medications can sometimes be used, depending on the virus. D Block Investigation | Resource: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pathogens- definition#diseases By knowing this… NTK> The various ways in which viruses can pass from person to person? I am able to present this… NIK>Infectious diseases are often spread through direct contact. E Block Investigation | Resource: https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-a-pathogen By knowing this… NTK> Examples of viral diseases ? I am able to present this… NIK>  common cold  flu  meningitis  warts, including genital warts  oral and genital herpes  chickenpox/shingles  measles  viral gastroenteritis, including norovirus and rotavirus  hepatitis A, B, C, D, E  yellow fever  dengue fever  HIV and AIDS

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F Block Investigation | Resource: https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-a-pathogen By knowing this… NTK> What bacteria are? I am able to present this… NIK>Bacteria are microorganisms made of a single cell. They are very diverse, have a variety of shapes and features, and have the ability to live in just about any environment, including in and on your body. Not all bacteria cause infections. Those that can are called pathogenic bacteria. Your body can be more prone to bacterial infections when your immune system is compromised by a virus. The disease state caused by a virus enables normally harmless bacteria to become pathogenic. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. Some strains of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, making them difficult to treat. This can happen naturally, but also happens because of the overuse of antibiotics, according to the World Health Organization (WHO)Trusted Source. G Block Investigation | Resource: https://www.osha.gov/bloodborne-pathogens Also: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033323/ By knowing this… NTK> What bloodborne pathogens are? I am able to present this… NIK>Bloodborne pathogens are infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Needlesticks and other sharps-related injuries may expose workers to bloodborne pathogens. Workers in many occupations, including first responders, housekeeping personnel in some industries, nurses and other healthcare personnel, all may be at risk for exposure to bloodborne pathogens. H Block Investigation | Resource: https://www.osha.gov/bloodborne-pathogens Also: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033323/ By knowing this… NTK> Three well known/common bloodborne pathogens? I am able to present this… NIK>hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

I Block Investigation | Resource: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033323/ By knowing this… NTK> What is hepatitis B? NTK> How is the hepatitis B virus (HBV) clinically managed? I am able to present this… NIK> A serious liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus NIK>There is no specific treatment program for acute hepatitis B. However, if you have chronic hepatitis B, you will require Trusted Source antiviral medications. This form of treatment can be costly, as you may have to continue it for several months or years. Treatment for chronic hepatitis B also requires regular medical evaluations and monitoring to determine if the virus is responding to treatment. J Block Investigation | Resource: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033323/ By knowing this… NTK> What is hepatitis C? NTK> How is the hepatitis C virus (HCV) clinically managed? I am able to present this… NIK> Hepatitis C, another hepatotropic virus, is the most commonly reported bloodborne infection in the United States and a serious public health problem. HCV is primarily transmitted via parenteral exposure, most commonly contaminated needles. The prevalence of HCV among health care workers does not exceed that of the general population; however, there is an increased risk of exposure in the health care setting. The risk of transmission when exposed to HCV-positive blood is 1.8%, considerably lower than HBV. Treatments are evolving with the development of new, targeted therapies. Currently, there is no vaccine or post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HCV infection. NIK> Hepatitis C is treated with antiviral medications. In some people, newer medicines can eradicate the virus. K Block Investigation | Resource: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033323/ By knowing this… NTK> What is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinically manage?

NTK> How is clinically managed? NIK> I am able to The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the immune system causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is transmitted via direct contact with blood, semen, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, or breast milk from an individual with a detectable viral load. In the workplace, occupational transmission is influenced by several factors, including volume of blood, type of procedure, type of injury, or percutaneous penetration. Compared to HBV and HCV, the percutaneous risk of HIV transmission is the smallest, estimated to be around 0.3%. While there is no cure for the disease, there are antiviral medications that slow the progression. In cases of exposure, if taken within 72 hrs, administration of post-exposure prophylactic (PEP) medications are highly effective in preventing HIV. present this… NIK> Treatment should begin as soon as possible after a diagnosis of HIV, regardless of viral load. The main treatment for HIV is antiretroviral therapy, a combination of daily medications that stop the virus from reproducing. This helps protect CD4 cells, keeping the immune system strong enough to take measures against disease. Antiretroviral therapy helps keep HIV from progressing to AIDS. It also helps reduce the risk of transmitting HIV to others. When treatment is effective, the viral load will be “undetectable.” The person still has HIV, but the virus is not visible in test results. However, the virus is still in the body. And if that person stops taking antiretroviral therapy, the viral load will increase again, and the HIV can again start attacking CD4 cells. L Block Investigation | Resource: https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/protect-your-patients/break- the-chain-of-infection/ By knowing this… NTK> The six links in the chain of infection? I am able to present this… NIK> The six links include: the infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host. M Block Investigation | Resource: https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/protect-your-patients/break- the-chain-of-infection/ By knowing this… NTK> What the Infectious agent link refers to? I am able to present this… NIK> Infectious agent is the pathogen (germ) that causes diseases

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N Block Investigation | Resource: https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/protect-your-patients/break- the-chain-of-infection/ By knowing this… NTK> What the Reservoir link refers to? I am able to present this… NIK> Reservoir includes places in the environment where the pathogen lives (this includes people, animals and insects, medical equipment, and soil and water) O Block Investigation | Resource: https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/protect-your-patients/break- the-chain-of-infection/ By knowing this… NTK> What the Portal of exit link refers to? I am able to present this… NIK> Portal of exit is the way the infectious agent leaves the reservoir (through open wounds, aerosols, and splatter of body fluids including coughing, sneezing, and saliva) P Block Investigation | Resource: https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/protect-your-patients/break- the-chain-of-infection/ By knowing this… NTK> What the Mode of transmission link refers to? I am able to present this… NIK> Mode of transmission is the way the infectious agent can be passed on (through direct or indirect contact, ingestion, or inhalation) Q Block Investigation | Resource: https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/protect-your-patients/break- the-chain-of-infection/ By knowing this… NTK> What the Portal of entry link refers to? I am able to present this… NIK> Portal of entry is the way the infectious agent can enter a new host (through broken skin, the respiratory tract, mucous membranes, and catheters and tubes)

R Block Investigation | Resource: https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/protect-your-patients/break- the-chain-of-infection/ By knowing this… NTK> What the Susceptible host link refers to? I am able to present this… NIK> Susceptible host can be any person (the most vulnerable of whom are receiving healthcare, are immunocompromised, or have invasive medical devices including lines, devices, and airways) S Block Investigation | Resource: https://infectionpreventionandyou.org/protect-your-patients/break- the-chain-of-infection/ By knowing this… NTK> The way to stop germs from spreading? I am able to present this… NIK> The way to stop germs from spreading is by interrupting this chain at any link. Break the chain by cleaning your hands frequently, staying up to date on your vaccines (including the flu shot), covering coughs and sneezes and staying home when sick, following the rules for standard and contact isolation, using personal protective equipment the right way, cleaning and disinfecting the environment, sterilizing medical instruments and equipment, following safe injection practices, and using antibiotics wisely to prevent antibiotic resistance. Learn 10 ways to protect patients. “STOP!” T Block Investigation | Resource: By knowing this… NTK> I am able to present this… NIK>

U Block Investigation | Resource: By knowing this… NTK> I am able to present this… NIK> V Block Investigation | Resource: By knowing this… NTK> I am able to present this… NIK> W Block Investigation | Resource: By knowing this… NTK> I am able to present this… NIK>

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X Block Investigation | Resource: By knowing this… NTK> I am able to present this… NIK> Y Block Investigation | Resource: By knowing this… NTK> I am able to present this… NIK> Z Block Investigation | Resource: By knowing this… NTK> I am able to present this… NIK>

NTK-NIK 110+9 assignment for fall 2023

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