ECET_202_Lab_Report_01_Sebastian_Vogel

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New Jersey Institute Of Technology *

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202

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Electrical Engineering

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Dec 6, 2023

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Page 1 ECET 202: Circuits II Lab 1: Introduction to the Laboratory Basic Electronics Instruments, the Oscilloscope Course Number: ECET 202 Instructor Professor Michael Vincent Team Number: Team #5 Team Members: Rachel Romeo, rrr23@njit.edu , (732)-552-8068 Rodrigo Lisboa, rl47@njit.edu , (908)-3448729 Connor Watson, cww8@njit.edu , (856)-308-4812 Sebastian Vogel, sjv36@njit.edu , (609)-651-1576 Date Lab Performed 10/12/2023 Due Date: Final Version: 10/26/2023 Submittal Date: Submitted on: 10/26/2023 Instructor Use On Time: Yes / No Instructor’s Comments: Template Version 15.0 Lab 1: Introduction to the Laboratory Basic Electronics Instruments, the Oscilloscope

Page 2 Team Performance Item Response Comment Date(s) Performed 10/12/23 - Started working on the lab report 10/14/23 - Started working on the introduction, theory, data 10/16/23 - Worked on Conclusion 10/21/23 - Finishing Touches List Roles & Responsibilities for each Team member based on the guidance below Prelab/Lab Report, data: Rachel Romeo Breadboard: Rodrigo Lisboa Quality Control & Measurement: Connor Watson Scribe: Sebastian Vogel Log of Meeting Dates, Times, and Durations When team met: 10/12/2023 5:30 pm - 9:30 pm, 10/14/2023 10 am -1 pm, 10/20/2023 How team met: FMH 304, Phone Calls, Text messages, Face to Face meetups Absence(s): N/A Lab 1: Introduction to the Laboratory Basic Electronics Instruments, the Oscilloscope

Page 3 Table of Contents Topic Page Number Title Page 1 Team Performance 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4-12 Materials Used: Equipment and Software 12-14 Theory 15-19 Approach (Step-by-Step) 19-22 Results, Discussion, Questions 23-28 Conclusion 28 Grading Rubric 29-31 Lab 1: Introduction to the Laboratory Basic Electronics Instruments, the Oscilloscope

Page 4 Introduction The objectives of Introduction To The Laboratory Basic Electronic Instruments, The Oscilloscope was to become familiar with the equipment in the lab laboratory as well as become familiar with basic instruments. The purpose of this experiment was to understand how to use the instruments in the lab such as the analog oscilloscope, the scope AC and DC inputs, frequency ranges, and the digital oscilloscope. In addition to that, understanding how to make time measurements and voltage measurements was an important aspect of the lab. The hypothesis of this experiment was if the circuit was correctly connected with all of its required components and all the needed instruments to make measurements were correctly used, then all the measurements (frequency, voltage, time) taken from the circuit should be accurate and correct. · All experiments in the laboratory will be performed at a test bench that has several basic electronic instruments permanently installed. They include a DC power supply, a waveform generator, a digital voltmeter (DVM), and a digital oscilloscope. A DVM is really a universal meter that can also measure current (both DC and AC) and resistance, with high precision. Other instruments, such as an analog oscilloscope or universal meter, and circuit components (e.g. resistance or capacitance substitution boxes) can be obtained from the stockroom, as needed. The Introduction To The Laboratory Basic Electronic Instruments, The Oscilloscope experiment was completed in FMH Lab Room 304. To perform this experiment, the components such as the lab kit provided by the school, the analog oscilloscope, the digital oscilloscope, the digital multimeter, the analog, and the DC power supply were needed. By correctly placing the components that were required on the breadboard and then using the required instruments to record measurements, the needed data values could be obtained. The purpose of this experiment was to understand how to use the instruments in the lab such as the analog oscilloscope, the scope AC and DC inputs, frequency ranges, and the digital oscilloscope. In addition to that, understanding how to make time measurements and voltage measurements was an important aspect of the lab. An oscilloscope is a basic electronic test instrument that displays voltage images varying with time. There are two basic types of oscilloscopes: analog and digital. An analog oscilloscope displays signals in real-time, using amplified input voltage to deflect an electron beam in the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) vertically while a ramp "time base" signal sweeps it at a predetermined speed horizontally. A digital or digitizing oscilloscope samples the input waveform amplitude and stores the digital information for display on a CRT screen. The analog oscilloscope has been largely replaced today by a digital oscilloscope but professionals still prefer the analog instruments for some applications because it shows an image of a waveform in real time so that you see what is actually coming to the input at a given moment. A great advantage of the digital scope is Lab 1: Introduction to the Laboratory Basic Electronics Instruments, the Oscilloscope

Page 5 that digitized waveforms can be stored and viewed independently of the changing input signal, can be easily processed (e.g. added to or subtracted from another signal) or sent to a computer or a printer. It is also easier to measure the period or the amplitude of a signal which is often displayed numerically on the screen. Historically, analog oscilloscopes were developed first, and digital oscilloscopes were initially rare and expensive but thanks to a remarkable progress in digital technology their prices declined dramatically. Today, major instrumentation companies, such as Tektronics and HP, make digital scopes. The Analog Oscilloscope: An oscilloscope uses an electron beam to write a pattern on a phosphorescent screen. The deflection in the vertical direction is proportional to the magnitude of the signal being measured while usually, the horizontal deflection increases linearly with time which is produced by an internal time-base generator. The beam scans from left to right at a rate determined by the setting of the time-base control on the front panel. Once the beam completes its scan to the right-hand side of the screen it is turned off and quickly retraces its position to begin the process anew. The graticule on the screen is calibrated in centimeters and the time-base control provides selectable trace speeds in centimeters per second, centimeters per millisecond, or centimeters per microsecond. Thus the oscilloscope displays the instantaneous value of the applied signal versus time. An important circuit component in an oscilloscope electronics is the trigger. Trigger starts the electron beam sweep across the screen at a predetermined input voltage level. Its purpose is to show only signals of interest (that have a certain amplitude and to reject noise and prevent it from blurring the image. The trigger level, which can be positive or negative, is adjusted manually by turning a knob on the scope front panel. This is an internal trigger operation. There is a terminal, near the trigger adjustment knob, for connecting to an external trigger source, and a switch that disconnects the trigger circuit from the scope input signal to an external signal. External trigger function is very useful for measuring time relations between different signals, for example between a signal from a microprocessor and its clock pulse. Another method of comparing the timing of two signals (also their amplitude) is to use two scope inputs. Typically the oscilloscope provides two independent vertical inputs so that two signals can be observed simultaneously to permit comparison. Two of the choices require alternate and chopped explanations. The persistence of the trace on the screen depends on the particular phosphor that coats the screen and is typically about 1/20 of a second which is comparable to the persistence of the human eye. When displaying two rapidly changing signals on screen the most straightforward method is to view each signal on alternating complete sweeps across the screen. The persistence of the eye and the phosphor coating of the screen makes it appear as if both signals are displayed simultaneously. This method does not work for very slowly varying phenomena Lab 1: Introduction to the Laboratory Basic Electronics Instruments, the Oscilloscope

Page 6 where the sweep speed of the beam is several milliseconds or more per centimeter because only a small band is illuminated at each instant rather than the complete trace. Furthermore, this band contains only one signal. In this case, use the alternate mode which samples the two channels at a rapid rate and provides a simultaneous view of both signals. Another point about the vertical channel controls needs some explanation, namely the coupling mode which offers a choice of AC or DC. The amplifiers in the vertical channel of the oscilloscope can amplify signals from 0 Hz to many MHz. The electron beam deflection is proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. The ability to respond to signals down to 0H is necessary to be able to observe and measure slow phenomena but is a disadvantage when observing small AC signals superimposed on a larger DC voltage. The large DC level requires setting the vertical amplifier to a low gain in order to keep the deflection of the beam within the limited display space of the screen. But that also will decrease the AC signal, which may be barely visible. In order to view only the AC component of the composite AC+DC signal, the oscilloscope has the AC input through a blocking capacitor. This permits setting the gain of the vertical channel amplifiers and the horizontal sweep rate to properly display the AC signal. A limitation of the oscilloscope, and many AC-powered instruments, is that one input terminal used for measurement is connected to the chassis ground so that voltage measurements cannot be made across an arbitrary terminal pair. Analog oscilloscope accuracy: In this section we present the abridged specifications for the vertical and horizontal channels of a typical analog oscilloscope that you will encounter in the labs and in industry, to get the idea of the capability of the instrument and its accuracy. The student should refer to the manual for the instrument to get a more complete idea of its capabilities. Table 1. Abridged specifications for an analog oscilloscope Characteristics Performance requirements Vertical Deflection System Deflection Factor Range 2 mV/division to 5 V/division Deflection Factor Range 2% ± Lab 1: Introduction to the Laboratory Basic Electronics Instruments, the Oscilloscope

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