Modern English and World Englishes Exam F22

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Modern English and World Englishes Exam Early Modern English Part 1 Why do we designate c. 1500 as the shift from Middle to Modern English? One of the main things is the printing was becoming widespread. What is an inkhorn term? Give two examples. This refers to words that were being used by scholarly writers and were not commonly used by ordinary people. Ex; Fatigate (fatigue) Ingent (Immense) Why do the spoken and written forms of English diverge in the Modern period? Early modern writers began to use inkhorn terms and some, like Shakespeare, invented new English words by creating compounds and adding pre and suffixes. The people who did not read during this time would have had a hard time accepting the change in language. What was the Great Vowel Shift? This was a change of pronunciation that was occurring in the 15 th through 17 th century. Long vowel sounds began to be further in the mouth while short vowels were unchanged. What factors helped to standardize English as it moved from EModE to ModE and PDE? T1. One morphological change between 16th century Scots and London English can be seen when Elizabeth uses the word “you” while James uses “ye,” the earlier form of the pronoun.2. One orthographic difference between 16th century Scots and London English found in the letters is the Scots use of “quh,” such as in the words “Quhairas” (whereas) and “quhole” (whole). On the other hand, Elizabeth uses the more familiar “wh” for such words in her writing and includes the letter w more in general.3. One difference that is both phonological and orthographical in nature is that the spellingin Elizabeth’s letter more reflects an original pronunciation than Jameshe Great Vowel Shift, the English dictionaries in the 17 th century, the move to a word order-based syntax, expansion of primary education. Part 2 Identify two orthographic features which occur in Early Modern English but are not in common use today. 1.The < e > in Early Modern English was sometimes written as an apostrophe. For example, talk’d, approv’d, etc. where in Present Day English we use talked and approved. 2. The letters < u> and < v > were variations of the same letter with < v > being used at the beginning of a word and < u> in all other positions. This did not survive into Present Day English Identify two morphological features which occur in Early Modern English but are not in common use today. 1. Some Early Modern English speakers confused the genitive marker -s as being an enclitic with its full form being the possessive determiner “his.” There are many instances in Ealry Modern instances where “his” is written, the most cited example of the his-genative being “Mars his heart.” 2. The -eth ending, although beginning to be replaced by -es during Early Modern English times, was still used in words like “hath” and “doth.” This ending is not commonly used today. Identify two syntactic developments which occurred in Early Modern English.

1.Periphrases with “do” expanded considerably during the Early Modern English period. A synthetic verb in the simple present turned negative with the addition of the auxiliary verb “do” changes to a periphrastic verb phrase. When changes to a yes/no question of a wh- question, “do” is also used. 2. We see something called subject-auxiliary inversion and where appropriate – fronting of a wh-element. The former means that we put the auxiliary before the subject in questions, like: “Has Simon been here lately?” while the second means that we put a wh-word (like what, who, where, etc.) before the rest, so: “What did she say?” This doesn’t normally happen in subordinate clauses, so, instead, we get: “I asked what she said.” Part 3 Using the royal letters [Burnley 234-35], identify at least three specific differences between 16 th century Scots and London English. Are these differences orthographic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or lexical? 1. One morphological change between 16th century Scots and London English can be seen when Elizabeth uses the word “you” while James uses “ye,” the earlier form of the pronoun. 2. One orthographic difference between 16th century Scots and London English found in the letters is the Scots use of “quh,” such as in the words “Quhairas” (whereas) and “quhole” (whole). On the other hand, Elizabeth uses the more familiar “wh” for such words in her writing and includes the letter w more in general. 3. One difference that is both phonological and orthographical in nature is that the spellingin Elizabeth’s letter more reflects an original pronunciation than James Choose one early modern text and identify at least three specific differences from Middle English and three differences from today’s American English. Are these differences orthographic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or lexical? Text: Thomas Wilson, The Arte Of Rhetorique (page 217 in the source book) Differences from Middle English: 1. This text contains many words derived from latin that would not have been common during Middle English, such as expendying from the latin expendere, and mundane from the latin mundanus. This is a lexical change. 2. The writer uses the Early Modern English < ar > rather than the Middle English < er > in the word “farre.” This is an orthographical change. 3. The replacement of the Middle English -eth in third-person verbs with -es is seen throughout the text. For example, the word “kepes.” This is a morphological change. Differences from Present Day American English: 1. In this text, < y > is used where an < i > would be present in today’s American English. For example, “ynkehorne” (inkhorn), “ponderyng” (pondering). This is a orthographical difference. 2. The ending < ee > occurs in words throughout this passage where a Present Day < y > would be, such as in “dignitee” and “superioritee.” This is an morphological difference. 3. The silent < e > at the end of many Early Modern English words is also present in this text where it would not be in Present Day. This orthographical change can be seen in wordslike “Englande” and “relinquishe.” World Englishes Part 1

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