SYSC4700-W2023-Lab4&5-01Apr2023 (1) (1)

Winter 2023 – SYSC 4700 Telecommunications Engineering – Labs 4 & 5 – Sat, 01 Apr 2023 Name : Ruben Amoussougbo Student No : 101118381 • Create a ChatGPT account if you do not have one. • Type each question in the Term Project (Sec. 2 Requirements on page 4) “as is” in the chat box, and copy down the answer you get “as is” (i.e., cut -and-paste). • Discuss (explain) one aspect of the answer that ChatGPT provided with which you are not satisfied. • Formulate a follow-up question so that ChatGPT addresses the aspect with which you were not satisfied (some trial-and-error may be necessary). Write down the follow-up question and the answer. • Total points: 420 (14 questions × 30 points per question). Note that the weight of the questions in this Labs 4 & 5 are different than those in the term project outline. • Convert the completed Word file to PDF. Submit it through Brightspace by 11:59 pm, Mon, 10 Apr 2023 . How to use ChatGPT (digitaltrends.com) First, go to chat.openai.com. If it’s your first time, you’ll need to set up a free account with OpenAI before getting started. You have the option of choosing an easy login with a Google or Microsoft account, or just entering your email address. You’ll be asked next to enter a phone number; however, keep in mind that you cannot use a virtual phone number (VoIP) to register for OpenAI. You will then receive a confirmation number, which you will enter on the registration page to complete the setup. Once you see some housekeeping rules about ChatGPT, including potential errors in data, how OpenAI collects data, and how users can submit feedback, you know you have successfully registered — you’re in! Using the ChatGPT chatbot itself is fairly simple, as all you have to do is type in your text and receive the information. The key here is to be creative and see how you ChatGPT responds to different prompts. If you don’t get the intended result, try tweaking your prompt or giving ChatGPT further instruction. For example, inputting “explain how the solar system was made” will give a more detailed result with more paragraphs than “how was the solar system made,” even though both inquiries will give fairly detailed results. Take it a step further by giving ChatGPT more guidance about style or tone, saying “explain how the solar system was made as a middle school teacher.” You also have the option for more specific inputting requests for an essay with a specific number of paragraphs or a Wikipedia page. We got an extremely detailed result with the request “write a four -paragraph essay explaining Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.” And remember, ChatGPT is great at making tweaks to previous answers, so you can always ask for more detail, to rewrite something, or ask further questions. If there is enough information available, the generator will fulfill the commands with accurate details. Otherwise, there is potential for ChatGPT to begin filling in gaps with incorrect data. OpenAI notes that these instances are rare, but hallucinations certainly do happen. The brand also notes that ChatGPT, which uses the GPT-3.5 LLM (large language model), currently has “limited knowledge of world events after 2021.” Even so, you have the option to input queries continuously until you close your browser or reset the thread to clear your previous requests. You also have the option to use ChatGPT in dark mode or light mode.

I.a) [30 pts] Describe 5G and how it is different than the previous generations. • ChatGPT answer: 5G stands for "fifth generation" and is the latest wireless technology standard for cellular networks. It is designed to offer faster data speeds, lower latency, and increased network capacity compared to previous generations of cellular technology. One of the key differences between 5G and previous generations (4G, 3G, and 2G) is the use of higher frequency radio waves. 5G utilizes millimeter waves (mmWave) in the range of 24-39 GHz, which allows for faster data transfer rates but requires more cell towers to be placed closer together in order to maintain coverage. • [10 pts] Unsatisfactory aspect: It is designed to offer faster data speeds, lower latency, and increased network capacity compared to previous generations of cellular technology. • [10 pts] Follow-up question: What is the positive impact of 5G compared to the other generations? • [10 pts] ChatGPT answer: 5G is designed to be more energy efficient, which will help to reduce the environmental impact of cellular networks. It achieves this by using advanced antenna technologies and by reducing the amount of power required to transmit data. I.b) [30 pts] Describe the current/upcoming (near future) satellite networks. • ChatGPT answer: There are several current and upcoming satellite networks, each with their own unique features and capabilities. Here are some of the most notable: Starlink: Starlink is a satellite internet constellation being developed by SpaceX. The constellation currently consists of over 1,500 satellites and is designed to provide high-speed internet access to underserved areas around the world. The network is expected to have global coverage by the end of 2022. OneWeb: OneWeb is a satellite constellation being developed by OneWeb Satellites and the UK government. The network is designed to provide high-speed internet access to underserved areas around the world. The constellation currently consists of 110 satellites, with plans to launch over 600 more. Amazon Kuiper: Kuiper is a satellite internet constellation being developed by Amazon. The network is designed to provide high-speed internet access to underserved areas around the world. The constellation will consist of over 3,000 satellites, with no launch date announced yet. O3b: O3b is a satellite network owned by SES. The network is designed to provide high-speed internet access to remote and underserved areas around the world. The constellation currently consists of 20 satellites, with plans to launch more.

Satellite networks can be used to connect directly to smartphones, but it depends on the specific satellite network and the capabilities of the smartphone. Some satellite networks are designed specifically for satellite phones, which are specialized devices that can connect directly to the network using satellite signals. These satellite phones can be used in areas without cellular coverage, such as remote wilderness areas or at sea. However, there are also satellite networks that can be used to provide internet access to smartphones and other devices. These networks often require specialized equipment, such as a satellite modem or a satellite hotspot, to connect to the network. In some cases, smartphones may be able to connect to these devices via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to access the satellite network. • [10 pts] Unsatisfactory aspect: while satellite networks can be used to connect directly to smartphones, it may require specialized equipment or devices to do so depending on the specific network and location. • [10 pts] Follow-up question: What are the specific requirement and specialized equipment or devices needed by satellite networks to connect directly to smartphones? • [10 pts] ChatGPT answer: In order for a satellite network to connect directly to smartphones, the following requirements and equipment are typically needed: Satellite phone: A satellite phone is a specialized phone that can connect to a satellite network. These phones have built-in antennas that can communicate directly with satellites. Satellite network: A satellite network is a network of communication satellites that are orbiting the earth. These satellites are used to transmit data and voice signals between the satellite phone and other devices on the network. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card: A SIM card is a small chip that is inserted into a satellite phone to provide it with a unique identifier on the network. The SIM card also stores data such as the user's phone number and contact information. Antenna: An antenna is used to transmit and receive signals between the satellite phone and the satellite network. Depending on the specific requirements of the satellite network, the antenna may need to be specialized and capable of tracking the satellite as it moves across the sky. Power source: A satellite phone requires a power source to operate. This can be a rechargeable battery, a solar panel, or some other form of power supply. Software: To connect to the satellite network and make calls or send messages, the satellite phone will typically require specialized software that is compatible with the network I.d.ii) [30 pts] Do the current/upcoming satellite networks serve metro (urban and suburban) areas?

• ChatGPT answer current satellite networks can serve metro areas, but the effectiveness of the service may depend on various factors such as the number of satellites in orbit, their coverage area, and the specific needs of the metro area in question. Satellite networks can provide a variety of services including broadband internet, television broadcasting, and navigation. In the case of broadband internet, satellite providers such as Viasat, HughesNet, and Starlink offer services to both rural and urban areas, including metro areas. However, the speeds and reliability of the service can be affected by factors such as weather, signal interference, and the number of users on the network. In terms of television broadcasting, satellite providers such as Dish Network and DirecTV offer services that can be used in metro areas. These services typically offer a wide range of channels and programming options but may also be subject to weather-related disruptions. • [10 pts] Unsatisfactory aspect: while satellite networks can provide services to metro areas, the effectiveness of the service may depend on the specific needs of the area and the particular satellite network being used. • [10 pts] Follow-up question: What are the specialities of the satellite network being use in metro areas? • [10 pts] ChatGPT answer: Satellite networks have a number of specialities that make them useful in metro areas. Here are some examples: Wide coverage: Satellite networks can cover large geographic areas, including metropolitan regions, making them ideal for providing connectivity in areas where other forms of communication infrastructure may be limited or unavailable. High bandwidth: Satellite networks can offer high bandwidth connectivity, enabling users in metro areas to access high-speed internet services and other data-intensive applications. Reliability: Satellite networks are designed to be highly reliable and can provide continuous connectivity, even in the event of network outages or other disruptions. Mobility: Satellite networks can support mobile applications, such as those used in transportation or emergency response services, allowing users to stay connected even when they are on the move. Security: Satellite networks can offer secure communications, making them ideal for use in sensitive applications, such as government or military communications I.d.iii) [30 pts] Do the current/upcoming satellite networks reach indoors? • ChatGPT answer: It depends on the specific satellite network and the building's construction. Generally, satellite signals can be disrupted or weakened by physical barriers such as walls and roofs. Therefore, it is more difficult for satellite

• [10 pts] ChatGPT answer: the integration of terrestrial and satellite networks can help bridge the digital divide, providing connectivity to people and communities that may have been previously underserved or unserved by traditional communication infrastructure. II.b) [30 pts] Discuss the history of terrestrial-satellite network integration efforts during the 3G and 4G eras. Why has integration not happened so far? Discuss the obstacles in front of the terrestrial-satellite network integration. • ChatGPT answer: Terrestrial satellite network integration refers to the ability of a mobile network to seamlessly integrate with satellite networks in order to provide coverage in areas where terrestrial networks are unavailable or insufficient. This integration has been a topic of interest for the mobile industry since the early days of 3G and 4G technology. In the early 2000s, several companies, including Inmarsat, Iridium, and Globalstar, started offering satellite services for voice and data communications. These services were initially targeted at government and military users, as well as businesses that operated in remote locations. However, as mobile networks started to offer faster data speeds and broader coverage, satellite operators began to explore the possibility of integrating their networks with terrestrial networks to provide a more comprehensive service. The integration efforts started in the 3G era with the development of satellite-terrestrial integrated networks (STINs). STINs were designed to enable seamless handover between satellite and terrestrial networks, allowing users to remain connected even when they moved from one network to another. STINs were seen as a way to provide ubiquitous coverage and to extend the reach of mobile networks to areas where it was not economically viable to build terrestrial infrastructure. In the 4G era, the focus shifted towards the development of hybrid networks that could use both satellite and terrestrial networks simultaneously. These networks were designed to provide higher data rates and lower latency than STINs, as well as more reliable coverage in areas where the terrestrial network was congested or unavailable. Despite these efforts, the integration of satellite and terrestrial networks has not yet been widely adopted. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, the cost of satellite infrastructure is still prohibitively high, making it difficult to justify the investment. Secondly, the coverage provided by terrestrial networks has improved significantly in recent years, reducing the need for satellite services. Finally, the development of 5G technology has shifted the focus of the mobile industry away from satellite integration and towards the development of new technologies that can provide even faster data rates and more reliable coverage. • [10 pts] Unsatisfactory aspect: • [10 pts] Follow-up question: • [10 pts] ChatGPT answer:

II.c) [30 pts] Discuss the terrestrial-satellite network integration efforts in 3GPP 5G (Releases 15 & 16) and 5G- Advanced (Releases 17 & 18). • ChatGPT answer: Terrestrial satellite networks have become an important part of the 5G ecosystem as they can provide coverage to remote and rural areas where terrestrial networks are not available or cost-effective to deploy. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a standards organization that develops technical specifications for mobile communication systems, including 5G. In releases 15 and 16 of 3GPP 5G, there were efforts to integrate terrestrial satellite networks into the 5G system. In this answer, we'll discuss those efforts and also mention some of the advancements in 5G advanced (Release 17 and 18). 3GPP 5G Release 15 and 16: In 3GPP 5G Release 15, the initial efforts were made to integrate satellite networks into the 5G system. The focus was mainly on providing coverage to remote areas and enhancing the performance of the 5G network. Some of the key features included: Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) Architecture: The 5G system was modified to allow for the integration of non- terrestrial networks such as satellites. The architecture was designed to support the coexistence of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks. Dual Connectivity: The 5G system was enhanced to allow for dual connectivity between the terrestrial network and satellite network. This meant that devices could be connected to both networks simultaneously, allowing for seamless handover between the two networks. New Interfaces: The 5G system was modified to include new interfaces that could support the integration of satellite networks. The interfaces were designed to facilitate the exchange of information between the terrestrial and satellite networks. Satellite Resource Management: The 5G system was enhanced to include satellite resource management capabilities. This allowed for the efficient allocation of satellite resources to the devices connected to the network. Enhanced Coverage: The integration of satellite networks into the 5G system allowed for enhanced coverage, particularly in remote and rural areas where terrestrial networks were not available. In 3GPP 5G Release 16, further enhancements were made to the integration of satellite networks into the 5G system. Some of the key features included: Multi-Connectivity: The 5G system was enhanced to support multi-connectivity between the terrestrial network, satellite network, and other networks such as Wi-Fi. This meant that devices could be connected to multiple networks simultaneously, allowing for even better coverage and performance. Beam Management: The 5G system was enhanced to support beam management for satellite networks. This allowed for more efficient use of satellite resources and improved connectivity for devices. Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB): The 5G system was enhanced to support IAB for satellite networks. IAB allows for the use of the same radio access network for both access and backhaul, reducing the need for separate backhaul infrastructure.

• [10 pts] ChatGPT answer: III.a.ii) [30 pts] Can the future satellite networks serve metro (urban and suburban) areas? • ChatGPT answer: Yes, future satellite networks have the potential to serve metro areas. Traditionally, satellite networks have been used to provide connectivity to remote and rural areas where terrestrial infrastructure is limited or nonexistent. However, advancements in satellite technology, such as low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations, have the potential to provide high-speed internet connectivity to densely populated urban areas as well. LEO satellite constellations, such as Starlink by SpaceX, aim to provide high-speed, low-latency internet connectivity to users all around the world, including metropolitan areas. These constellations consist of thousands of small satellites that orbit the Earth at lower altitudes than traditional geostationary satellites, resulting in lower latency and higher bandwidth. While LEO satellite constellations are still being deployed and tested, they hold promise for providing reliable internet connectivity to metro areas, particularly in regions where existing terrestrial infrastructure is lacking or inadequate. • [10 pts] Unsatisfactory aspect: there are still some technical and regulatory challenges that need to be addressed to make satellite internet a viable option for widespread use in metro areas. • [10 pts] Follow-up question: • [10 pts] ChatGPT answer: One reason why future satellite networks may focus on serving metro areas is that these areas have a high population density, which translates into a greater demand for high-speed internet and communication services. Additionally, metro areas are often centers of economic activity, with businesses, research institutions, and other organizations that require reliable and fast internet connectivity to operate effectively. Furthermore, satellite networks are typically used to provide coverage in remote and rural areas where terrestrial infrastructure is lacking, but the demand for connectivity is still present. In metro areas, there is already a well- established terrestrial infrastructure, which means that satellite networks can provide additional coverage and redundancy for critical services. III.a.iii) [30 pts] Can the future satellite networks reach indoors? • ChatGPT answer: The ability of satellite networks to reach indoors depends on the frequency band used by the satellites and the materials of the building structure. In general, higher frequency bands such as Ka-band and Ku-band are less

able to penetrate building materials and reach indoor spaces compared to lower frequency bands such as L-band and C-band. However, new satellite technologies are being developed to improve indoor coverage. For example, some satellite operators are using lower frequency bands and smaller satellite antennas to increase the signal strength that reaches indoor spaces. Additionally, some satellite operators are exploring the use of hybrid networks that combine satellite and terrestrial technologies to improve indoor coverage . • [10 pts] Unsatisfactory aspect: the ability of future satellite networks to reach indoors will depend on the specific technology and frequency band used by the satellite operator. • [10 pts] Follow-up question: What kind of frequency band and technology is needed to get future satellite network to reach indoors? • [10 pts] ChatGPT answer: In general, higher frequency bands, such as those in the millimeter-wave range (e.g., 30 GHz and above), are more challenging to penetrate walls and other obstacles, which makes it difficult to provide reliable indoor coverage. On the other hand, lower frequency bands, such as those in the L-band (1-2 GHz) and C-band (4-8 GHz), can penetrate walls and other obstacles more easily, making them more suitable for indoor coverage. However, it's important to note that lower frequency bands may have limitations in terms of data transfer rates and the number of devices that can be supported simultaneously. Therefore, a balance needs to be struck between frequency band and data transfer requirements to provide reliable indoor coverage for a satellite network. III.b) [30 pts] Provide your vision for the integrated terrestrial-satellite networks in the 6G era of 2030s. • ChatGPT answer: It's expected that the 6G era will bring revolutionary changes to the way we communicate and connect with each other. Experts predict that the integrated terrestrial satellite network in the 6G era will be a seamless and ubiquitous network that will provide ultra-high-speed connectivity to anyone, anywhere in the world. One of the most significant features of the 6G integrated terrestrial satellite network will be the use of advanced satellite technology such as Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites. These satellites will be integrated with the terrestrial network to create a unified, high-speed network that will be capable of providing global coverage. Another key feature of the 6G integrated terrestrial satellite network will be its ability to support massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) and ultra-reliable and low- latency communications (URLLC). This will enable the network to support a wide range of applications such as autonomous vehicles, industrial automation, and remote healthcare. The network will also be designed to

network performance, predict user demand, and proactively manage network resources. This would enable new applications and use cases, such as autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and virtual and augmented reality experiences . • [10 pts] Unsatisfactory aspect: the specifics of what the 7G era will look like may be difficult to predict with certainty. • [10 pts] Follow-up question: What will the the positive aspect of 7G in the ear 2040s compared to what we have now? • [10 pts] ChatGPT answer: Firstly, it's important to note that the term "7G" does not currently exist in the telecommunications industry, as the industry is currently focused on the deployment of 5G networks around the world. However, it's likely that the development of 6G and 7G networks will be the next steps in the evolution of telecommunications technology. Assuming that the 7G era will arrive in the 2040s, it's likely that this technology will enable extremely high-speed data transfer rates, low latency, and improved connectivity. This could lead to significant advancements in areas such as autonomous vehicles, remote medical procedures, and virtual and augmented reality. Additionally, it's possible that 7G technology could include advancements in the field of artificial intelligence, including the development of highly advanced AI systems that can operate with greater efficiency and accuracy than current AI systems. This could lead to a wide range of applications, from robotics and automation to personalized healthcare and education.