FIN 550- Module 8 - Call Option Price
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Call Option Price
What effect does Stock Price have on call option price?
“A call option gives its owner the right to buy a share of stock at a fixed price, which is called the strike price (sometimes called the exercise price because it is the price at which you exercise the option” (Ehrhardt& Brigham, 2019). The stock price is one of the main factors that determines if the price of the call option will increase or decrease. The price of a call option usually increases as the stock price increases. A higher stock price increases the probability of the option being profitable for the holder, leading to a higher option premium. For example: “assume you bought an option on 100 shares of a stock, with an option strike price of $30. Before your option expires, the price of the stock rises from $28 to $40. Then you could exercise your right to buy 100 shares of the stock at $30, immediately giving you a $10 per share profit. Your net profit would be 100 shares, times $10 a share, minus whatever purchase price you paid for the option. In this example, if you had paid $200 for the call option, then your net profit would be $800 (100 shares x $10 per share – $200 = $800).” (CFI Team, 2023) On the other hand, a decrease in the stock price will cause the call option to lose its value. The reason for the decrease in value is connected to the intrinsic value of the call option. The intrinsic value of the call option is the difference between the stock price and the strike price. If the stock price is below the strike price, the call option has no intrinsic value. As the stock price decreases, the intrinsic value of the call option decreases or becomes negative. What effect does Time expiration have on call option price?
According to Ehrhardt and Brigham, “the 1-year call option always has a greater value than the 6-month call option, which always has a greater value than the 3-month call option.” As illustrated in figure 8-4 below. In other words, the longer a call option has until expiration, the
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greater its value will be. The longer period to the expiration date allows the stock price to increase well above the strike price. At the same time, we can also argue that a longer period until the expiration date increases the possibility of the stock price falling far below the strike price. “But there is a big difference in payoffs for being well in-the-money versus far out-of-the-
money. Every dollar that the stock price is above the strike price means an extra dollar of payoff, but no matter how far the stock price is below the strike price, the payoff is zero. When it comes to a call option, the gain in value due to the chance of finishing well in-the-money with a big payoff more than compensates for the loss in value due to the chance of being far out-of-the money.” (Ehrhardt& Brigham, 2019).
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What effect does Risk-free rate have on call option price?
“The risk-free rate of return is the interest rate an investor can expect to earn on an investment that carries zero risk. The risk-free rate is commonly considered to be equal to the interest paid on a 10-year highly rated government Treasury note, generally the safest investment
an investor can make. The risk-free rate is a theoretical number since technically all investments carry some form of risk” (Vipond, 2023) Changes in risk-free interest rates can impact the pricing of options, including call options. The impact that the risk-free rate has on call options can be understood through the lens of the Black-Scholes option pricing model. According to the Black-Scholes model, an increase in the risk-free interest rate tends to increase the price of call options. This is because the present value of the option's potential future payoff is discounted at the risk-free rate. As the risk-free rate increases, the present value of future cash flows decreases,
leading to an increase in the option price. However, according to Ehrhardt and Brigham “Option prices in general are not very sensitive to interest rate changes, at least not to changes within the ranges normally encountered” (Ehrhardt& Brigham, 2019). What effect does Standard Deviation of Stock returns have on call option price?
“The Black-Scholes option pricing model (OPM), developed in 1973, helped give rise to the rapid growth in options trading. The variables used in the Black-Scholes model are the stock’s price, the risk-free rate, the option’s time to expiration, the strike price, and the standard deviation of the underlying stock”. The standard deviation of stock returns, also referred to as the
volatility of the stock, has a significant impact on call option prices. An increase in the stock's standard deviation (a stock with higher volatility) leads to an increase in the price of the call option. This is because higher volatility increases the potential for large stock price movements, making the option more valuable. On the other hand, a decrease in volatility tends to decrease the
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Related Questions
Your Question : Please introduction and correct and incorrect option explain!
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If the stock price increases, the price of a put option on that stock ________ and that of a call option _________.
decreases, increases
decreases, decreases
increases, decreases
increases, increases
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The Black-Scholes option pricing
theorem claims that which of the
following factors influence options prices
in a predictable way:
a) The relation between the current price
and the strike price
b) How much time there is from now until
the expiry date
c) Whether the underlying asset is a
corporate share or a raw material
d) Whether the option is presently in the
money or not
e) Only (a) and (b)
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The maximum loss a buyer of a stock call option can suffer is equal to
A. the striking price minus the stock price.
B. the stock price minus the value of the call.
C. the call premium.
D. the stock price.
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Which of the following statements is true about call options?
A.The holder of the option profits when the price of the underlying asset increases.
B.It gives to the buyer of the option the right to sell a financial instrument within a specific time period, at a specified price.
C.The holder of the option will exercise the option only if the price of the underlying asset is smaller than the strike price.
D.The holder of the option receives a premium for writing the option.
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If an investor places a _________ order, the stock will be sold if its price falls to the stipulated level. If an investor places a __________ order, the stock will be bought if its price rises above the stipulated level.
Group of answer choices
stop-loss; stop-buy
market; limit
stop-buy; stop-loss
limit; market
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Tick all those statements on options that are correct (and don't tick those statements that are incorrect).
B
a. The Black-Scholes formula is based on the assumption that the share price follows a geometric Brownian motion.
b. If interest is compounded continuously then the put-call parity formula is P+ S(0) = C + Ker where T is the expiry time.
An American put option should never be exercised before the expiry time.
d.
In general the equation S(T) +(K-S(T)) = (S(T)-K)+ +K is valid.
e. The put-call parity formula necessarily requires the assumption that the share price follows a geometric Brownain motion.
C.
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Does at the money ,in the money, out of the money is used to tell about position of strike price in the market when buy or sell the option only (judge by comparing srike price and the spot price in market at that moment,Is it used to tell status of the option on expiration date by comparing srike price and the market price at expiration date or not, if not please explain to me by using some example to explain it.
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The premium on a put option is primarily a function of the difference in spot price S relative to the strike price X, the time until maturity T, and the
volatility of the currency o.
P = f(S-X, T, o)
For each characteristic of a put option, use the table to indicate whether that would lead to a higher put option premium or a lower put option
premium (all else equal).
Characteristic
A lower spot price relative to the strike price
A shorter time before expiration
A higher level of volatility for the currency
Higher Put Option Premium Lower Put Option Premium
When using a put option to hedge receivables in an international currency, a U.S. based MNC can lock in the
receive.
minimum
maximum
amount of dollars it will
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What is the value of a call option or a put option if the stock price is zero? What if the stock price is extremely high (relative to the strike price)?
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Analyze the value of a call option if the stock price is zero? What if the stock price is extremely high (relative to the strike price)?
arrow_forward
Who correctly identifies the effect of increases in volatility of the underlying asset on option
prices?
Johnny
Kyle
Linda
Johnny
Mike
[↓ = decrease, t = increase]
O Kyle
O Linda
Call price
↑
↑
↓
↓
Mike
Put Price
↑
↓
↓
↑
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Select all that are true with respect to option valuation:
Group of answer choices
The holder of a call option has rights to the dividend on the underlying stock.
The holder of a put option has rights to the dividend on the underlying stock.
A call option on a dividend paying stock would be worth less than a call option on that same stock if it were non-dividend paying (i.e., all else is equal other than the dividend).
A call option on a dividend paying stock would be worth more than a call option on that same stock if it were non-dividend paying (i.e., all else is equal other than the dividend).
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What impact does each of the followingparameters have on the value of a call option?(1) Current stock price
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If a stock's price is above the strike price of a call option written on the stock, then the exercise value is equal to the stock price minus the strike price. If the stock price is below the strike price, the exercise value of the call option is zero.
True or False?
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Why do call options with exercise prices greater than the price of the underlying stock sell for positive prices?
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Who correctly identifies the effect of increases in volatility of the underlying asset on option
prices?
Johnny
Kyle
Linda
Johnny
Mike
[↓ = decrease, ↑ = increase]
O Kyle
O Linda
Call price
↑
↑
↓
↓
Mike
Put Price
↑
↓
↓
↑
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Let C be the price of a call option that enables its holder to buy one share of a stock at an exercise price K at time t; also, let P be the price of a European put option that enables its holder to sale one share or the stock for the amount K at time t. Let S be the price of the stock at time 0. Then, assuming that interest is continuously discounted at a nominal rate r, either
S+P-C=Ke-rt or there is an arbitrage opportunity.
Question: How do I verify that the strategy of selling one share of stock, selling one put option, and buying one call option always results in a positive win if S+P-C>Ke-rt ?
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The premium on a call option is primarily a function of the difference in spot price S relative to the strike price X, the length of time until expiration T,
and the volatility of the currency o.
C = f(S-X, T, o)
For each characteristic of a call option, use the table to indicate whether that would lead to a higher call option premium or a low call option premium
(all else equal).
Characteristic
A lower spot price relative to the strike price
A shorter time before expiration
A higher level of volatility for the currency
Higher Call Option Premium
O
Lower Call Option Premium
When using a call option to hedge payables in an international currency, a U.S. based MNC can lock in the
to obtain the needed foreign currency.
maximum
minimum
amount of dollars needed
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Select all that are true with respect to the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model (OPM) in practice):
Group of answer choices
BSOPM assumes that the volatility of the underlying stock returns is constant over time.
BSOPM assumes that the underlying stock can be traded continuously.
BSOPM assumes that there are no transaction costs.
There is only one input to the BSOPM that is not observable at the time you are valuing a stock option, and that input is volatility.
Implied volatility is estimated by calculating the daily volatility of the underlying stock’s return that occurred over the prior six months.
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3.
Suppose that a June put option to sell a share for $60 costs $4 and is held until
June.
(a)
short position) make a profit?
Under what circumstances will the seller of the option (i.e., the party with a
(b)
Under what circumstances will the option be exercised?
(c)
depends on the stock price at the maturity of the option.
Draw a diagram showing how the profit from a short position in the option
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Please choose on the options and please explain
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- Your Question : Please introduction and correct and incorrect option explain!arrow_forwardIf the stock price increases, the price of a put option on that stock ________ and that of a call option _________. decreases, increases decreases, decreases increases, decreases increases, increasesarrow_forwardThe Black-Scholes option pricing theorem claims that which of the following factors influence options prices in a predictable way: a) The relation between the current price and the strike price b) How much time there is from now until the expiry date c) Whether the underlying asset is a corporate share or a raw material d) Whether the option is presently in the money or not e) Only (a) and (b)arrow_forward
- The maximum loss a buyer of a stock call option can suffer is equal to A. the striking price minus the stock price. B. the stock price minus the value of the call. C. the call premium. D. the stock price.arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true about call options? A.The holder of the option profits when the price of the underlying asset increases. B.It gives to the buyer of the option the right to sell a financial instrument within a specific time period, at a specified price. C.The holder of the option will exercise the option only if the price of the underlying asset is smaller than the strike price. D.The holder of the option receives a premium for writing the option.arrow_forwardIf an investor places a _________ order, the stock will be sold if its price falls to the stipulated level. If an investor places a __________ order, the stock will be bought if its price rises above the stipulated level. Group of answer choices stop-loss; stop-buy market; limit stop-buy; stop-loss limit; marketarrow_forward
- Tick all those statements on options that are correct (and don't tick those statements that are incorrect). B a. The Black-Scholes formula is based on the assumption that the share price follows a geometric Brownian motion. b. If interest is compounded continuously then the put-call parity formula is P+ S(0) = C + Ker where T is the expiry time. An American put option should never be exercised before the expiry time. d. In general the equation S(T) +(K-S(T)) = (S(T)-K)+ +K is valid. e. The put-call parity formula necessarily requires the assumption that the share price follows a geometric Brownain motion. C.arrow_forwardDoes at the money ,in the money, out of the money is used to tell about position of strike price in the market when buy or sell the option only (judge by comparing srike price and the spot price in market at that moment,Is it used to tell status of the option on expiration date by comparing srike price and the market price at expiration date or not, if not please explain to me by using some example to explain it.arrow_forwardThe premium on a put option is primarily a function of the difference in spot price S relative to the strike price X, the time until maturity T, and the volatility of the currency o. P = f(S-X, T, o) For each characteristic of a put option, use the table to indicate whether that would lead to a higher put option premium or a lower put option premium (all else equal). Characteristic A lower spot price relative to the strike price A shorter time before expiration A higher level of volatility for the currency Higher Put Option Premium Lower Put Option Premium When using a put option to hedge receivables in an international currency, a U.S. based MNC can lock in the receive. minimum maximum amount of dollars it willarrow_forward
- What is the value of a call option or a put option if the stock price is zero? What if the stock price is extremely high (relative to the strike price)?arrow_forwardAnalyze the value of a call option if the stock price is zero? What if the stock price is extremely high (relative to the strike price)?arrow_forwardWho correctly identifies the effect of increases in volatility of the underlying asset on option prices? Johnny Kyle Linda Johnny Mike [↓ = decrease, t = increase] O Kyle O Linda Call price ↑ ↑ ↓ ↓ Mike Put Price ↑ ↓ ↓ ↑arrow_forward
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