(FM) Financial Management Lab Questions and Problems

.pdf

School

British Columbia Institute of Technology *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

3510

Subject

Finance

Date

Jan 9, 2024

Type

pdf

Pages

18

Uploaded by ConstableRain6190

Report
SUNEL 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 Mini Case b. The company is spending $500 million to open a new plant and expand operations in China. No profits will be produced by the Chinese operation for 4 years, so earnings will be depreéssed during this period versus what they would have been had the decision not been made to expand in that market. Discuss how ESC’s shareholders might view each of these actions, and how the actions might affect the share price. Edmund Enterprises recently made a large investment to upgrade its technology. While these improvements won't have much of an impact on performance in the short run, they are expected to reduce future costs significantly. What impact will this investment have on Edmund Enterprises’ earnings per share this year? What impact might this investment have on the company’s intrinsic value and share price? Describe the different ways in which capital can be transferred from suppliers of capital to those who are demanding capital. What are financial intermediaries, and what economic functions do they perform? Suppose the population of Area Y is relatively young while that of Area O is relatively old, but everything else about the two areas is equal. a. Would interest rates likely be the same or different in the two areas? Explain. b. Would a trend toward nationwide branching by banks and trust companies, and the development of nationwide diversified financial corporations, affect your answer to part a? Suppose a new government was elected in Ottawa and its first order of business was to take away the independence of the Bank of Canada and to force the BoC to greatly expand the money supply. What effect would this have on the level of interest rates immediately after the announcement? Is an initial public offering an example of a primary or a secondary market transaction? Identify and briefly compare the two primary stock exchanges in Canada today. Assume that you recently graduated and have just reported to work as an investment advisor at the brokerage firm of Balik and Kiefer Inc. One of the firm’s clients is Sergei Turganev, a professional hockey player who has just come to Canada from Russia. Turganev is a highly ranked hockey player who would like to start a company to produce and market apparel with his signature. He also expects to invest substantial amounts of money through Balik and Kiefer. Turganev is very bright, and he would like to understand in general terms what will happen to his money. Your boss has developed the following set of questions that you must answer to explain the Canadian financial system to Turganev. a. Why is corporate finance important to all managers? b. What are the organizational forms a company might have as it evolves from a start-up to a major corporation? List the advantages and disadvantages of each form. ¢. How do corporations go public and continue to grow? What are agency problems? What is corporate governance? d. What should be the primary objective of managers? (1) Do firms have any responsibilities to society at large? (2) Is share price maximization good or bad for society? (3) Should firms behave ethically? What three aspects of cash flows affect the value of any investment? What are free cash flows? What is the weighted average cost of capital? How do free cash flows and the weighted average cost of capital interact to determine a firm's value? Who are the providers (savers) and users (borrowers) of capital? How is capital trans- ferred between savers and borrowers? j What do we call the price that a borrower must pay for debt capital? What is the price of equity capital? What are the four most fundamental factors that affect the cost of money, or the general level of interest rates, in the economy? F@ o - 23
22 Chapter 1 An Overview of Financial Management and the Financial Environment 1A 1-2 1-3 [} A firm’s fundamental, or intrinsic, value is defined by: FCF, FCE, Value = + e = T wWacol T 0% WACQ)? FCF, FCE, +t 1+ WACC)3 ( * ( 1 + WACCO)® Transfers of capital between borrowers and savers take place (1) by direct transfers of money and securities; (2) by transfers through investment banks, which act as middlemen; and (3) by transfers through financial intermediaries, which create new securities. Capital is allocated through the price system—a price must be paid to “rent” money. Lenders charge interest on funds they lend, while equity investors receive dividends and capital gains in return for letting firms use their money. Four fundamental factors affect the cost of money: (1) production opportunities, (2) time preferences for consumption, (3) risk, and (4) inflation. There are many different types of financial securities. Primitive securities represent claims on cash flows, such as stocks and bonds. Derivatives are claims‘ on other traded securities, such as options. Major financial institutions include commercial banks, trust companies, credit unions, pen- sion funds, life insurance companies, mutual funds, hedge funds, and private equity funds. One result of ongoing regulatory changes has been a blurring of the distinctions between the different financial institutions. The trend in Canada has been towards firms that offer a wide range of financial services, including investment banking, brokerage operations, insurance, and commercial banking. There are many different types of financial markets. Each market serves a different region or deals with a different type of security. Physical asset markets, also called tangible or real asset markets, are those for products such as wheat, autos, and real estate. Financial asset markets are for primitive securities and derivative securities. Spot markets and futures markets are terms that refer to whether the assets are bought or sold for “on-the-spot” delivery or for delivery at some future date. Money markets are the markets for debt securities with maturities of less than 1 year. Capital markets are the markets for long-term debt and corporate shares. Primary markets are the markets in which corporations raise new- capital. Secondary markets are markets in which existing, already outstanding securities are traded among investors. Questions Define each of the following terms; . P e o ot Proprietorship; partnership; corporation Limited partnership; limited liability partnership; professional corporation Shareholder wealth maximization Money market; capital market; primary market; secondary market Private markets; public markets; derivatives Investment banker; financial intermediary Mutual fund; money market fund Production opportunities; time preferences for consumption Foreign trade deficit What are the three principal forms of business organization? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? What is a firm’s fundamental, or intrinsic, value? What might cause a firm’s intrinsic value to be different than its actual market value? The president of Eastern Semiconductor Corporation (ESC) made this statement in the com- pany’s annual report: “ESC’s primary goal is to increase the value of our common share- holders” equity.” Later in the report, the following announcements were made: a. The company contributed $1.5 million to the symphony orchestra in Toronto, Ontario, its headquarters’ city. : : NEL
Questions 5 ° Operating long-term assets are the long-term assets used to support operations, such as net plant and equipment. They do not include any long-term investments that pay interest or dividends. ° Total net operating capital (which means the same as operating capital and net oper- ating assets) is the sum of net operating working capital and operating long-term assets. It is the total amount of capital needed to run the business. e INOPAT is net operating profit after taxes. It is the after-tax profit a company would have if it had no debt and no investments in nonoperating assets. Because it excludes the effects of financial decisions, it is a better measure of operating performance than is net income. Free cash flow (FCF) is the amount of cash flow remaining after a company makes the asset investments necessary to support operations. In other words, FCF is the amount of cash flow available for distribution to investors, so the value of a company is directly related to its ability to generate free cash flow. FCF is defined as NOPAT minus the net investment in operating capital. : © Market Value Added (MVA) represents the difference between the total market value of a firm and the total amount of investor-supplied capital. If the market values of debt and preferred stock equal their values as reported on the financial statements, then MVA is the difference between the market value of a firm’s stock and the amount of equity its shareholders have supplied. ° Economic Value Added (EVA) is the difference between after-tax operating profit and the total dollar cost of capital, including the cost of equity capital. EVA is an estimate of the value created by management during the year, and it differs substantially from accounting profit because no charge for the use of equity capital is reflected in accounting profit. * Interestincome received by a corporation is taxed as ordinary income; however, common stock dividends received by one Canadian corporation from another are excluded from taxable income. ' ° Because interest paid by a corporation is a deductible expense while dividends are not, our tax system favours debt over equity financing. ¢ Ordinary corporate operating losses can be carried back to each of the preceding 3 years and forward for the next 20 years and used to offset taxable income in those years. ° InCanada, tax rates are progressive—the higher one’s income, the larger the percentage paid in taxes. e Assefs such as stocks, bonds, and real estate are defined as capital assets. If a capital asset is sold for more than its cost, the profit is called a capital gain. If the asset is sold for a loss, it is called a capital loss. * Adividend tax credit can be used to reduce the taxes that individuals have to pay on eligible dividends from Canadian corporations. This dividend tax credit partly offsets the double taxation effect that would otherwise occur. Questions 2-1 Define each of the following terms: Annual report; balance sheet; income statement Common shareholders’ equity, or net worth; retained earnings Statement of retained earnings; statement of cash flows Depreciation; amortization; EBITDA Operating current assets; operating current liabilities; net operating working capital; total net operating capital Accounting profit; net cash flow; NOPAT; free cash flow Market Value Added; Economic Value Added Progressive tax; taxable income; marginal and average tax rates Capital gain or loss; tax loss carryback and carryforward oo o Foorag e 2-2 What four statements are contained in most annual reports? 2-3 If a “typical” firm reports $20 million of retained earnings on its balance sheet, can the firm definitely pay a $20 million cash dividend? 2-4 What is operating capital, and why is it important?
52 Chapter 2 .- Fivnunciol Statgments, Cash Flow, and Taxes 2-5 . 2-6 2-7 CR-1 Net Income, Cash Flow, and EVA Easy Problems 1-6 2-1 Personal After-Tax Yield 2-2 . Income Statement 2-3 Income Statement 2-4 Net Cash Flow 2-5 Statement of Retained Earnings 2-6 Cash Flow Statement Intermediate Problems 7-11 2-7 Personal After-Tax Return ‘Explain the difference between NOPAT and net income. Which is a better measure of the performance of a company’s operations? What is free cash flow? Why is it the most important measure of cash flow? If you were starting a business, what tax considerations might cause you to prefer to set it up as a proprietorship or a partnership rather than as a corporation? Concept Review Problem Full solutions are provided at www.nelson.com/brigham3ce. Last year Custom Furniture had $6,500,000 in operating income (EBIT). The company had a net depreciation expense of $1,000,000 and an interest expense of $1,000,000; its corporate tax rate was 30%. The company has $14,000,000 in operating current assets and $4,000,000 in operating current liabilities; it has $15,000,000 in net plant and equipment. It estimates that it has an after-tax cost of capital of 10%. Assume that Custom Furniture’s only noncash item was depreciation. What was the company’s net income for the year? What was the company’s net cash flow? What was the company’s net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)? Calculate net operating working capital and total net operating capital for the current year. e. If total net operating capital in the previous year was $24,000,000, what was the com- pany’s free cash flow (FCF) for the year? f. What was the company’s Economic Value Added (EVA)? e oe Problems Answers fo odd-numbered problems appeor in Appendix A, Note: By the time this book is published, Parliament may have changed rates and/or other . provisions of current tax law—as noted in the chapter, such changes occur fairly often. Work all problems on the assumption that the information in the chapter is applicable. An investor recently purchased a corporate bond which yields 5%. The investor is in the 30% tax bracket. What is the bond’s after-tax yield? Little Books Inc. recently reported $3.5 million of net income. Its EBIT was $7 million, and its tax rate was 30%. What was its interest expense? Pearson Brothers recently reported an EBITDA of $7.5 million and net income of $1.6 million. It had $2.0 million of interest expense, and its corporate tax rate was 30%. What was its charge for depreciation and amortization? Kendall Corners Inc. recently reported net income of $3.1 million and depreciation of $250,000. What was its net cash flow? Assume it had no amortization expense. In its most recent financial sfatements, Newhouse Inc. reported $50 million of net income and $810 million of retained earnings. The previous retained earnings were $780 million. How much in dividends was paid to shareholders during the year? Based on the following information, what are Ever Green'’s cash flows from operations? The company reported profits of $18,000 and claimed amortization of $4,000, while accounts receivable increased by $4,000, inventories decreased by $8,000, and accounts payable increased by $4,000. Karen, a resident of Nova Scotia, has $10,000 to invest for one year. She has found two alternatives: a bond that will provide interest income at year-end of $400, and a common stock whose price is $50 and is expected to increase by $2.00. Ignoring risk and other factors, how much money will Karen have after taxes from each investment? Use Tables 2-8 and 2-9 and assume that Karen has taxable income of $65,000. NEL
%,. L ol 2-8 Cash Flows 2-9 Cash Flows 2-10 tncome and Cash Flow Analysis 2-11 Free Cash Flow Challenging Problems 12-17 . NEL 2-12 Free Cash Flow Problems Companies X and Y are very similar. Both have sales of $5,000,000, and COGS are 65% of sales. Both companies have operating expense of $700,000 and are taxed at 26%. However, X and Y will be claiming $60,000 and $120,000 each respectively in depreciation expense. Calculate ‘each company’s net cash flow, and explain specifically the difference in the cash flows. The Moore Corporation has operating income (EBIT) of $750,000. The company’s deprecia- tion expense is $200,000. Moore is 100% equity financed, and it faces a 40% tax rate. What is the company’s net income? What is its net cash flow? The Berndt Corporation expects to have sales of $20 million. Costs other than depreciation are expected to be 75% of sales, and depreciation is expected to be $2.5 million. All sales rev- enwes will be collected in cash, and costs other than depreciation must be paid for during the year. Berndt's tax rate is 30%. Berndt has no debt. a. Setup an income statement. What is Berndt’s expected net cash flow? b. Suppose that Berndt's depreciation expenses doubled. No changes in operations occurred. What would happen to reported profit and to net cash flow? c. Now suppose that Berndt's depreciation was reduced by 50%. How would profit and net cash flow be affected? ' d. If this were your company, would you prefer your depreciation expense to be doubled or halved? Why? Financial information on Marine Tech Corporation is presented below. During the year, Marine Tech made a net investment in operating capital of $30 million. If the company’s share price is $22, it has 10 million shares outstanding, and its tax rate is 30%, does Marine Tech have sufficient free cash flow to repurchase 10% of its shares? Marine Tech Corporation Income Statement ($ ™M) Sales $320 Operating costs 220 Depreciation 20 EBIT ' 80 Interest expense 10 Earnings before tax 70 Tax (30%) 21 Earnings after tax $ 49 Using Rhodes Corporation’s financial statements (shown below), answer the following questions. What is the net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) for 20157 What are the amounts of net operating working capital for both years? What are the amounts of total net operating capital for both years? What is the free cash flow for 20157 ' What is the ROIC for 20157 How much of the FCF did Rhodes use for each of the following purposes: after-tax interest, net debt repayments, dividends, net stock repurchases, and net purchases of short-term investments? (Hint: Remember that a net use can be negative.) RS R O Rhodes Corporation: Income Statements for Year Ending December 31 (Millions of Dollars) 2015 2014 Sales $11,000 $10,000 Operating costs excluding depreciation 9,360 8,500 Depreciation and amortization 380 360 Earnings before interest and taxes 1,260 1,140 Less interest 120 100 Pre-tax income . 1,140 1,040 Taxes (40%) ' 456 416 Net income available to common shareholders $ 684 $ 624 Common dividends $ 220 $ 200 53
Questions 81 do not appear on the balance sheet. At the same time, the liability associated with the lease obligation may not be shown as debt. Therefore, leasing can artificially improve both the turnover and the debt ratios. 7. It is difficult to generalize about whether a particular ratio is “good” or “bad.” For example, a high current ratio may indicate a strong liquidity position, which is good, or excess cash, which is bad (because excess cash in the bank is a nonearning asset). Similarly, a high fixed assets turnover ratio may denote either that a firm uses its assets efficiently or that it is undercapitalized and cannot afford to buy enough assets. In summary, conducting ratio analysis in a mechanical, unthinking manner is dan- gerous, but when ratio analysis is used intelligently and with good judgment, it can provide useful insights into a firm’s operations and identify the right questions to ask. 1. List three types of users of ratio andlysis. Would the different users emphasize the same or different types of ratios? 2. List several potential problems with ratio analysis. Summary The main purpose of this chapter was to discuss techniques used by investors and managers to analyze financial statements. The key concepts covered are listed below. e Liquidity ratios show the relationship of a firm’s current assets to its current liabilities, and thus its ability to meet maturing debts. Two commonly used liquidity ratios are the current ratio and the quick, or acid test, ratio. o Asset management ratios measure how effectively a firm is managing its assets. These ratios include inventory turnover, days sales outstanding, average payable period, fixed assets turnover, and total assets turnover. e Debt management ratios reveal (1) the extent to which the firm is financed with debt and (2) its likelihood of defaulting on its debt obligations. They include the debt ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, times-interest-earned ratio, and EBITDA coverage ratio. e Profitability ratios show the combined effects of liquidity, asset management, and debt management policies on operating results. They include the net profit margin, the basic earning power ratio, the return on total assets, and the return on common equity. e Market value ratios relate the firm’s stock price to its earnings, cash flow, and book value per share, thus giving managerrent an indication of what investors think of the company’s past performance and future prospects. These include the price/earnings ratio, price/cash flow ratio, and the market/book ratio. e Trend analysis, where one plots a ratio over time, is important, because it reveals whether the firm’s condition has been improving or deteriorating over time. ¢ The DuPont equation is designed to show how the profit margin on sales, the assets turnover ratio, and the use of debt interact to determine the rate of return on equity. The firm’s management can use the DuPont system to analyze ways of improving performance. e Benchmarking is the process of comparing a particular company with a group of sim- ilax, successful companies. T e Ratio analysis has limitations, but used with care and judgment, it can be very helpful. Questions 3-1 Define each of the following térms: a. Liquidity ratios: current ratio; quick, or acid test, ratio b. Asset management ratios: inventory turnover ratio; days sales outstanding (DSO); average payables period; fixed assets turnover ratio; total assets turnover ratio NEL
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
  • Access to all documents
  • Unlimited textbook solutions
  • 24/7 expert homework help