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Oct 30, 2023

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CHAPTER 4: ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT
• Gravity: g Equilibrium of forces: In horizontal: geostrophic flow parallel to isobars P P + ∆ P γ p γ c v In horizontal, near surface: flow tilted to region of low pressure because of friction P P + ∆ P γ c v γ f γ p FORCES IN THE ATMOSPHERE In vertical: barometric law • Friction: ! ! = −$% (i.e., viscous resistance; ! ∝ air viscosity) • Coriolis: ! " = 2’(sin, # : Earth’s rotation rate (angular velocity); $ : velocity; φ : latitude • Pressure-gradient: ! # = − ∇% & Fictious (pseudo, inertial) forces on Earth, a rotating (non-inertial) reference frame : Coriolis, Centrifugal ( & !" = # # ( ), and Euler ( & " = $% $& ( ) (credit: Duk, wikipedia) to the right of direction of motion in NH & left in SH
Credit: udiprod, https://youtu.be/49JwbrXcPjc CORIOLIS FORCE
Coriolis force: Length scales & the Rossby number
GEOSTROPHIC WIND Low pressure High pressure PGF Coriolis force Geostrophic flow The geostrophic wind results from a balance between the Coriolis force and the PGF , the so-called the geostrophic balance. It is parallel to isobars (lines of constant pressure at a given height). True winds almost always differ from the geostrophic wind due to other forces such as friction. Despite this, much of the atmosphere outside the tropics is close to geostrophic flow much of the time and it is a valuable first approximation. Isobars
GEOSTROPHIC FLOWS AROUND HIGH & LOW PRESSURE HIGH LOW Rule of thumb : keep high pressure on the right low pressure on the left in NH
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