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Louisiana State University *

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1100

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Geography

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Dec 6, 2023

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Exam 2 Question Bank The Exam 2 question bank is below. There are far more questions in this test bank than will appear on your mid-term exam (which will be 40 questions long for OCS 2005 students). Multiple choice options will be randomized on the exam. The correct answers have not been marked for you. You will have to discover the correct answers as you prepare for the exam. You may work together to study for this exam and to go through this question bank. Please see me with any questions. Topic 22 Marsh Loss 1. Which of the following is NOT a major cause of Louisiana's marsh loss? a. Reduced sediment flow from the Mississippi River. b. Sea level rise. c. Draining the land for farming. d. The construction of oil and gas pipelines. 2. True or False: Bioengineered oyster reefs are seeded with oysters that have been genetically engineered to handle a warming climate. True/False 3. What is the Lower Mississippi River Physical Model? a. A scale likeness of the lower Mississippi River made up of foam tiles that allows real water and sediment to flow through to simulate water and sediment dynamics in the Mississippi River. b. A computer simulation that is run on a supercomputer, allowing researchers to test the effects of different restoration techniques on hydrography in coastal Louisiana given prevailing conditions like sea level rise and hurricanes. c. A concrete representation of the entire Mississippi River that is used primarily as an education tool for visitors to the LSU Center for River Studies. d. A street-level hydrodynamic model that is used to understand future conditions given sea level rise and management decisions we might make, such as the construction of sea walls. 4. Which of the following is a figure commonly cited to describe the rate of wetland loss in coastal Louisiana? a. In coastal Louisiana, land is disappearing into the sea at a rate equivalent to the area of the state of Rhode Island every year. b. The coastal marsh of Louisiana is being lost at a rate of one square kilometer a minute. c. Between land lost and land gained in different areas in coastal Louisiana, the result is net land loss at a rate equivalent to the area of city of New Orleans every five years.

d. The land in coastal Louisiana is disappearing at a rate of approximately one football field of marshland every 100 minutes. 5. What are some possible consequences of projected land loss in Louisiana, if the trend is not reversed? More than one answer may be correct, please choose all of the correct answers. a. Inland communities will have far inferior protection from hurricanes. b. Fishermen who have moved inland will have longer travel times to get out to the Gulf. c. Substantial money will need to be spent to move oil and gas infrastructure as the land under large buildings in Port Fourchon and Venice disappears. d. Entire communities will lose road connection to the rest of Louisiana and will face relocation. 6 ͘ TrƵe or False͗ The people of Isle de Jean Charles are LoƵisiana͛s first climate refƵgees͘ True/False 7. Which of the following is NOT an impact the people of Isle de Jean Charles are facing currently due to land loss? a. The only road out of the town floods frequently, limiting access to the mainland. b. Many important community amenities, such as a church, are gone. c. The entire town has been resettled to one location outside of New Orleans. d. The people of Isle de Jean Charles have lost trust in the governments put in place to protect their rights. 8. Which of the following is NOT an example of a type of project that is being completed in coastal Louisiana to prevent or reverse land loss? a. Sediment diversions. b. Marsh creation. c. Oyster barrier reefs. d. Seagrass planting. 9. Why are barrier islands a major target for marsh restoration? a. The barrier islands serve as a key supply of sand for restoration projects elsewhere. b. There are small towns on every barrier island in Louisiana, and they face relocation if the islands can͛t be restored. c. The sediments beneath the surface of the islands are heavily oiled, and if marsh is not restored, the oil may be exposed and released to surrounding areas. d. They protect the marshes from the worst of the wave energy and therefore prevent erosion. 10. Which of the following is NOT a potential negative consequence of the Mississippi River sediment diversions?

a. Many oyster culture areas will become unfavorable to oyster growth, causing great concern for the Gulf oyster industry. b. They will change salinities in the middle of the estuary, altering habitat availability for many species. c. So much water will be diverted that the Mississippi River may run dry, leaving major cities without an important source of fresh water. d. Sediment diversion construction, operation, and maintenance is very expensive, and it is a long-term commitment. Topic 23 Sand and Beaches 11. What is the difference between soil and sediment? a. Soil is on land, and sediment is under water. b. Soil is associated with agriculture while sediment is not. c. Soil is created in place while sediment is transported and deposited in a different location than it formed. d. There is no difference, soil and sediment are synonymous terms. 12 ͘ Rachel Carson said ͞Each grain on a beach is the resƵlt of processes that go bac k to the shadoǁǇ beginnings of life͕ or of the earth itself͘͟ What did she mean bǇ this͍ a. Each grain of sand is millions of years old, and can trace its origin to fossilized marine life and mountain rocks. b. Deposits of sand grains formed at the same t ime the earth͛s crƵst formed͕ in a mǇsterioƵs and poorlǇ understood process. c. Most sand is formed at hydrothermal vents, which is the environment where many scientists think life on Earth got its start. d. All grains of sand predate life on Earth, and sand was a prerequisite for life to form on this planet. 13. In the book by Jack Davis, he identifies some unique uses that humans had for Gulf barrier islands. Which of the following were some of these uses? More than one answer may be correct, choose all of the correct answers. a. Leper colony. b. Chemical weapons testing site. c. Cattle ranch. d. High-security prison. 14. Why is Alabama and Florida panhandle Gulf Coast sand so soft and white? a. It is composed largely of sea salt because the Gulf Coast is an evaporative basin and has many salt domes. b. It is composed of the sulfate mineral gypsum which accumulates in the coastal Gulf because marshes contain a lot of sulfur. c. It has formed from the accumulation of fossilized shell material from oysters in the coastal zone.

d. It is the final result of Appalachian Mountain rock weathering that has left behind pure white quartz crystal. 15. Which of the following is NOT an example of a consequence resulting from the demand for sand? a. In India sand mafias have injured and killed dozens of people as a result of the illegal sand trade. b. Sand harvesting removed layers essential for groundwater filtration in coastal Australia leading to poor drinking water supply. c. Sand mining caused a bridge to collapse in Taiwan and Portugal. d. River sand mining is contributing to the disappearance of Vietnam's Mekong River Delta. 16. The following events describe parts of the formation of a sand dune. Sort the events in time. A. Waves move sand onto the beach. B. Sand dries out during low tide. C. Once particles fall onto the side of the dune away from the wind, they stay there. D. Wind pushes sand up-hill in a jumping motion. 17. True or False: Most of the sand we see today was originally broken down from the continental plates shortlǇ after the formation of the Earth͛s crƵst͘ True/False 18. Which of the following is NOT a component of beach self-repair? a. Sea wind to blow the sand inland. b. Many storms and rains to move wet sand around the beach. c. Beach sand being able to dry in the sunshine. d. Sand storage in the dunes. 19. Which of the following is true of beach replenishment? a. The sand is commonly gone in less than four years. b. It is a cheap fix to beach erosion. c. It is a natural process that will always keep up with beach erosion. d. It involves the construction of break walls to keep the beach sand in place. 20. True or False: The building of one groin on the beach often leads to many other groins being built, because a groin will cause sand to erode from one side of the structure. True/False

Topic 24 Development and Dredging 21. In the 1953 book "Dead Low Tide", the main character reflects that "Florida is growing, not in the normal fashion of other places, with more houses going up on existing land, but the land itself is growing." What is meant by this phrase? a. The Florida coast has many deltas that are constantly building new land. b. The sea level is actually receding in south Florida allowing coastal settlements to expand seaward. c. Barrier islands off the coast of Florida moved towards land and eventually combined with the shoreline to form a new expanse of beach. d. Intertidal areas were filled in with dredged sediment to make more coastal property. 22. Which of the following is NOT a way dredging is used in marine environments? a. Dredging is used to open up waterways that have experienced sedimentation. b. Dredging is used to sample deep-sea rocks to understand the movement of the earth's crust. c. Dredging is performed to reduce the exposure to contaminants. d. Sand is collected from an offshore location by a dredge and is piped onto the beach for beach replenishment projects. 23 ͘ TrƵe or False͗ The process of ͞dredge and fill͟ redƵces the enǀironmental conseqƵences of dredging by filling in the dredge pit with similar sediments after the dredging is complete. True/False 24. How is sand dredging being used as an act of aggression in the conflict between China and Taiwan? a. China is removing sand from Taiwan's coastline, resulting in extensive erosion and forcing Taiwanese people to migrate inland. b. China is using sand dredges as cannons, scooping up sand and shooting it on shore in Taiwan to bury coastal developments. c. Sand dredging is one weapon China is using against Taiwan in a campaign of so-called gray-zone warfare, which entails using irregular tactics to exhaust a foe without actually resorting to open combat. d. All of these answers are correct. 25. Match each of the following definitions to the vocabulary words from lecture. A. The practice of using physical structures to protect shorelines from coastal erosion. B. A barrier built offshore to protect a coast or harbor from the force of waves. C. Vertical or near vertical shore-parallel structures designed to prevent upland erosion and storm surge flooding. D. Human-placed rock or other material used to protect shoreline structures against erosion. Options: riprap, seawall (bulkhead), breakwater, shoreline armoring.

26. The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) left it up to each state to decide how to manage the coastline, but it did have some requirements for those plans. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for state plans under the CZMA? a. It must give priority considerations to water-dependent uses such as industrial operations. b. It must shield coastal areas from damage due to overdevelopment. c. It must protect the water needs of endangered or vulnerable species. d. It must adopt building codes to minimize damage from storms and flooding. 27. True or False: In modern water management, any freshwater that is not used by humans before it reaches the coast is considered a waste. True/False 28. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the decline of the delta smelt in the San Joaquin- Sacramento River Delta in California? a. Pumping river water for use elsewhere. b. Warming climate. c. Overharvesting. d. Drought. Topic 25 Restoration 29. In Chapter 18 of the book by Jack Davis, he states that there were winners and losers when it came to the long-term impacts of beach restoration. Describe why Sanibel Island only needed one beach replenishment project in three decades, while Captiva Island needed seven. a. Unlike Captiva Island, Sanibel Island is not a barrier island, so it doesn't move. b. The sand used to replenish Captiva Island was carried to Sanibel Island over time due to the prevailing currents. c. Sanibel Island is fed by a major river. d. A canal that was dug through Captiva Island widened over time, and caused extensive erosion of the sediment along its banks. 30. True or False: Both rehabilitation and restoration can produce a system with a high degree of ecological integrity. True/False

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