Chapter 9 - Guiding Questions - Josten

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Dec 6, 2023

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Chapter 9 - Guiding Questions 1. Name at least two reasons why natural primary forests contain more biodiversity than even-aged, single-species forestry plantations. Natural primary forests contain more biodiversity than even-aged, single-species forestry plantations because older forests contain more structural diversity and thus more microhabitats and resources for more species. 2. Describe three ecosystem services that forests provide. Three ecosystem services that forests provide are providing oxygen (via photosynthesis), providing wood for fuel, and providing habitats for animals we consume. 3. Name several major causes of deforestation. Where is deforestation most severe today? Several major causes of deforestation are: ● Expansion of Agriculture ● Extension of Cultivation on Hill Slopes ● Shifting Cultivation ● Cattle Ranching ● Firewood Collection ● Timber Harvesting Deforestation is most severe today in developing countries, like southeast Asia, Africa, & S. America 4. Compare and contrast maximum sustainable yield, ecosystem-based management, and adaptive management. How may pursuing maximum sustainable yield sometimes affect populations and communities? Maximum sustainable yield are resources that are extracted to the max without depleting. Ecosystem-based management decreases the impact on the ecosystem- not to max. Adaptive management finds methods or approaches to test and improve the methods of resource utilization. Pursuing maximum sustainable yield keeps the population at only 1/2 of the carrying capacity. Reducing a population this way will affect other species & alter the food webs dynamics of the community. 5. Compare and contrast the major methods of timber harvesting. Which

methods keep forest ecosystems most intact? -clearcutting: all trees in a given area are harvested, leaving a potential major impact on the ecosystem, but providing the most cost-efficient method of harvesting trees. -seed-tree system: are left standing singly or in groups to produce seeds for regeneration. After a new crop is established, these seed trees are removed or left indefinitely. The chief distinction from the shelter wood system is that the seed trees are retained only for seed production and not enough to provide shelter. -selection system: manages the establishment, continued growth and final harvest of multiple age classes (usually three) of trees within a stand -The method that keeps forest ecosystems most intact is the selection systems, because although there is still much shade for the trees which blocks the sunlight, this method preserves species diversity. 6. Describe several ecological impacts of logging. How has the U.S. Forest Service responded to public concern over these impacts? Logging impacts the environment in many ways: -the timber harvest itself, that is, the removal of trees from the forest -the disturbance caused by logging operations . -alters species composition -the structure of the forest -can cause nutrient depletion. The U.S. Forest Service responded to public concern over these impacts by implementing regulations and guidelines to minimize these impacts. 7. Are forest fires a bad thing? Explain your answer. How do people use fire in a positive way? I believe that forest fires are a bad thing overall. I believe this because severe wildfires destroy valuable timber resources and weaken trees leaving them susceptible to disease and insects. However, people use fire in a positive way by adding nutrients back into the soil, clearing out the dead plants, and helping the cycle of woods’ growth,etc 8. Name at least three reasons that people have created parks and reserves. How do national parks differ from national wildlife refuges? What is a wilderness area?

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