Human Population Trends and Impacts Quiz Insights

Question 1 Human population is projected to expand to 8.3 billion 10.9 billion by 2050. The lower range of this projection assumes which of the following? Global nuclear warfare kills half the world population. Birth rates decline because family planning and birth control become increasingly available in developing nations. Birth rates remain high, but life expectancy declines. Try again. Life expectancy has increased dramatically over recent decades and is expected to increase further in many regions. Mean family size remains stable over the coming decades. Question 2 The so-called IPAT model postulates that the overall impact of the human population is a function of population, per capita affluence, and the destructiveness of technologies. In this model, greater affluence is assumed to increase environmental impact, because greater affluence generally translates into greater consumption of natural resources. Correct. The IPAT model assumes impact increases with greater affluence due to higher rates of consumption. decrease environmental impact, because greater affluence is a generally prerequisite for people to care about the environment. increase environmental impact, because wealthy people tend to think only of themselves. decrease environmental impact, because greater affluence is needed to develop less destructive technologies. Question 3 In the IPAT model of human impacts, technology is assumed to

either increase or decrease impact depending on the destructiveness of the particular technologies used. Correct. Technologies can either reduce or increase human impact on the environment. increase impact, because more primitive methods of production are always less environmentally destructive than modern methods. decrease impact, because new technologies are always less environmentally destructive than their predecessors. have no effect on impact. Question 4 The Pleistocene overkill hypothesis, if true, highlights that humans have a long history of intentionally driving species to extinction. climate change, rather than human hunting, is responsible for most Pleistocene extinctions. prehistoric humans lived in harmony with nature. human-caused extinctions are not only a modern phenomenon. Correct. The Pleistocene overkill hypothesis suggests that Pleistocene humans overhunted some species to the point of extinction. Thus there is a long history of human-caused extinctions. Question 5 In the figure below, the human population consisted of about 2 billion people in 1930. How long did it take for the population to double in size?

30 years 45 years Correct. The human population had doubled to about 4 billion people in 1975. 57 years 69 years Question 6 Now, starting with a population of 3 billion in 1960, how long did it take for the population to double in size? 15 years 27 years 39 years Correct. The human population had doubled to about 6 billion people in 1999. 51 years Question 7

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According to the graph below of an idealized demographic transition, population increases most rapidly during the pre-transition stage. early transition stage. Correct. Population grows rapidly during the early transition period because the birth rate far exceeds the death rate. middle transition stage. late transition stage. Question 8 Using the same figure below, why does population grow most rapidly during the early transition stage? Because birth and death rates are both high.

Because birth rates increase, but death rates remain relatively constant. Because death rates decrease, but birth rates remain relatively constant. Correct. Birth rates remain high, but death rates drop during the early transition period. Because death rates decrease and birth rates increase. Question 9 In the figure below, the population remains relatively constant during the pre-transition and early transition stages. early and middle transition stages. pre-transition and middle transition stages. pre-transition and late transition stages. Correct. Population remains relatively constant during the pre- and late transitions stages because births are approximately equal to deaths in both of these stages. Question 10 The hypothesized Kuznets curve could be used as an argument for

promoting moderate levels of economic development, because poor people cause less environmental degradation than wealthier people. promoting slow economic development, because rapid development would cause massive environmental degradation. promoting rapid economic development, because people tend to reduce environmental degradation only after they have satisfied their basic human needs. Correct. The Kuznets curve suggests that environmental degradation will initially increase but eventually decrease as economic development progresses. None of the above Question 11 Using the figure below, in which region is there the strongest evidence that extinctions of animal groups were more closely related to the arrival of human populations than to climate change? Europe Try again. The extinctions of some European genera coincided with the arrival of humans (more than 30,000 years ago), but others occurred during a period of significant climate change that began about 14,000 years ago. North America Africa Australia and New Zealand

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Question 12 Using the figure below, in which region was the arrival of humans confounded (or overlapping) with a period of climate change? Europe North America Correct. The arrival of humans to North America roughly 11,500 to 10,000 years ago overlapped with a period of significant climatic change. Africa Australia and New Zealand Question 13 Using the figure below, which of the following habitat types has experienced the highest rate of habitat conversion?

Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Correct. 48.5% of the temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome has been converted to agriculture, development, and other human uses. Temperate conifer forests Boreal forests/taiga Question 14 Using the figure below, which of t he following habitat types has experienced the highest rate of habitat protection?

Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests Temperate conifer forests Correct. 26.3% of the temperate conifer forest biome has been protected. Boreal forests/taiga Question 15 Using the Conservation Risk Index as a measure, which of the following habitat types is most in need of additional protection?

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Temperate grassland, savannas, and shrublands Correct. The Conversion Risk Index is 10.1 for the temperate grassland, savanna, and shrubland biome, meaning that 10.1 times more area has been converted than has been protected. Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest Temperate conifer forest Boreal forests/taiga Question 16 Using the figure below, the total amount of fish captured for consumption grew most rapidly during which of the following decades? You Answered 1950-1960 1960-1970 1970-1980 1990-2000 Question 17 Using the figure below, the amount of fish captured during 2000- 2010

increased slightly. remained stable. decreased slightly. decreased dramatically but then rebounded. Question 18 According to the follow figure below, the scientists who projected the collapse of 100% of the worlds fisheries by the year 2048 defined a particular fishery to be collapsed when

the catch of that species falls below 10% of its historic maximum. Correct. The definition of fishery collapse was based on the catch of a species. the biomass of that species in the ocean falls below 10% of its historic maximum. the number of individuals of that species in the ocean falls below 10% of its historic maximum. All of the above Question 19 According to the figure below, the observed atmospheric CO2 levels fluctuate annually because CO2 is released

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during the fire season, coinciding with summer and fall in the northern hemisphere. as deciduous trees lose their leaves and the leaves decay, coinciding with fall and winter in the northern hemisphere. Correct. Atmospheric CO 2 peaks within each year as trees in the northern hemisphere lose their leaves and the leaves decay, releasing CO 2 to the atmosphere. Each spring these same trees sprout new leaves and pull large amounts of CO 2 out of the atmosphere. as ice melts, coinciding with spring and summer in the northern hemisphere. None of the above Question 20 Averaging out the seasonal fluctuations from the figure below, the observed atmospheric CO2 levels have increased because of deforestation. burning of fossil fuels. All of the above Correct. Both deforestation and the burning of fossil fuels have contributed significant amounts of CO 2 to the atmosphere.

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