ESCI LAB 2

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University of Windsor *

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Geography

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Apr 3, 2024

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7. The Hawaiian Archipelago Objective: To appreciate the size of the archipelago and to measure distance and orientation in GEP. Measure the orientation of the Hawaiian archipelago and the distance from Kilauea to Midway Atoll (see kmz file). To give you a sense of the dimensions of the archipelago, determine what place would you be near if you travelled the same distance due southwest from Windsor (give latitude and longitude)? You will use the measurement of the archipelago in a subsequent lab. (8%) - Midway Atoll is more northwest from Kilauea approximately at 300 degrees. - The distance from Kilauea to Midway Atoll is 2,450.72 Kilometers. - I would be near Monterrey, Mexico (latitude; 25°15’0.59”N and longitude 100° 4’51.92”W) if I travelled southwest (225 degrees) from Windsor. 8. The height of Mauna Loa Objective: To appreciate the size of Mauna Loa, measure elevation differences in GEP, record geographic locations, and make choices about how to measure features. Measure the exact elevation of the summit of Mauna Loa relative to the seafloor (see kml file). Note that you have to make a choice here about the reference point on the seafloor. Provide the location and elevation of the reference point. (2%) - max elevation - (highest point at 19°27’52.37”N and 155°34’19.48”): 13067ft - min elevation - (lowest point at 19°10’56.89”N and 155°40’47.82”W): 5390ft 9. Volcano Topography and Landforms Objective: To get you thinking about how volcanic features are modified over time by weathering and erosion. Examine the island of Maui on GEP (see kmz file). What features indicate that there is one dormant and one extinct volcano on Maui? Give their locations in latitude and longitude (and/or clip images). The terrain view in Google Maps may be useful here. (10%) - The features that indicate to me that there is one dormant and one extinct volcano on Maui is the color of the elevations. Volcano Haleakala (20°42’28.06”N and 156°15’3.06”W) is a brown/red color which indicates that it has not erupted in a long time since it began weathering, therefore it is dormant as it could erupt in the future. The other volcano Kahakuloa (20°53’44.38”N and 156°35’21.01”W) is different shades of green which indicates that it has a lot of vegetation which means that it is very old as it has not erupted in an extremely long time. This volcano would be extinct. 10. Calderas and craters Objective: To be able to calculate areas with GEP. Examining a caldera and a crater. Appreciate different approaches (approximations) to calculations and what difference they make. In GEP, measure the diameter of the Halemaumau crater on Kilauea (see kmz file) and use this to calculate the area of the crater (show your calculation). How does this compare to the area measured using the circle tool? How about if you use the polygon tool? (6%) - diameter of the Halemaumau crater on Kilauea is 1,291.82 meters - radius is 645.91meters (1,291.82/2 = 645.91meters) area= A = πr 2. = π (645.91m 2 ) = π(417,199.7281) = 1,310,617.600m area from using circle tool = 1,364,425.75m - This area is more precise then calculating it myself, although the crater is not a perfect circle so it really does not have the entire area covered when using this tool. area using the polygon tool = 1,509,819.07m

- Using the polygon tool allowed me to get the most precise measurements possible as I could put points along the circumference of the crater to get the full shape. This crater is not a perfect circle as the previous two methods were measuring it to be. 11. Precision in analysis. In any kind of quantitative analysis, we are interested in the precision of the analysis. Precision is how reproducible an analysis is. If you make a measurement multiple times, how much variation is there in the result? To examine this concept, measure the area of the crater 5 times using the polygon tool. How much variability is there? One way to represent the precision is to calculate an average and see what the difference is of each measurement from the average. This difference can be represented in absolute terms or as a percentage of the average value. In reality we would use statistical tools, such as the standard deviation (from the mean) of the 5 measurements. (6%) measurement 1 area = 1,510,819,07m measurement 2 area = 1,514,601.19m measurement 3 area = 1,516,605.49m measurement 4 area = 1,513,227.98m measurement 5 area = 1,518,227.81m average = 1,514,696.308m The closest measurement to the average would be measurement 2. Each measurement is somewhat around the same numbers, although measurement 1 and 5 would be the furthest away. 12. Shield Volcanoes Objective: To measure and describe shield volcanoes. Determine the average slope of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea (see kmz file). This can be done using the elevations and distance between two points or by using the path tool in GEP. Measure several of these on each volcano and average them - by how much do they vary? Report all measurements and provide a screenshot of the locations of the paths. Are the values consistent with what the text says about the characteristics of shield volcanoes? (10%) Mauna Loa slope 1 - 17,311.57m slope 2 - 15,868.64m slope 3 - 17,625.19m average = 16,935.13m

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