ATM107Ch5

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SUNY at Albany *

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107

Subject

Geology

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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pdf

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Uploaded by EarlWillpower12307

GUIDED NOTES 2023-09-25 OCEAN Water Salts Polarity of Water Molecules (isolated salt ions) Measuring Salt Concentration Units of Concentration •By weight •g/kg mg/kg, ?g/kg •By volume •g/l, mg/l, ?g/l, • ____________________ (o/oo) ppt is used “30-36 0/00” _______ because 1 l of seawater weighs nearly 1 kg Measuring Salinity • _______ variations •AVERAGE Salinity approx. __ ___ • Processes ________ _____________ • runoff • ________ • thawing Sea Surface Salinity Major Chemical Constituents Regulating the _________ Salt Balance _______ volcanism, _____ _______ decay •Output: __________ _____ _____________ , sea spray, __________ ______ , sediments Major Constituents Residence Time •Total amount divided by ____ __ _____ (or output) Most efficiently removed by __________ onto _______________ Major Constituents Constant Proportions of Major Constituents • __________ ________ •Cl?/Na+ = 1.796 (proportion) •Na+/SO42? = 3.972 (proportion) •

Determining Salinity •Conductance is a function of ________ •Salinometer measures ____________ •Salinity 0/00 = 1.80655 Chlorinity 0/00 (same term) OCEAN WATER Abundance of Gases ________ = 36%o, ___________ = 20°C. Distribution with Depth ______________ removes CO2 and ________ O2 at the surface ___________ produces CO2 and _______ O2 at ___ _____ _______________________ __________________ __________ The carbon dioxide cycle •Ocean uptake from atmosphere •Depends on: pH, ____________ salinity & _________ •Biological pump The oxygen balance •Photosynthesis in ocean (net source) •Weathering and _________ on land (net loss) Measuring the gases •Specialized probes for _________ ______ •Measuring pH to deduce carbon dioxide concentration Carbon Dioxide Pathways So, Where Did All of this Limestone Used for Massive Construction Come From????? __________ Limestone OCEAN WATER Carbon Dioxide The pH of Seawater ____________ of water molecules •Cation, ____ and anion, ___________ •Imbalance of H+ and OH = __ •Acidic and Basic solutions pH of seawater 7.5 to 8.5 – slightly ________ _____ CO2 + H2O ? H2CO3 ? HCO3? + H+ or CO32? + 2H+ pH Scale Carbonate System

Seawater pH Buffering Anthropogenic CO2 The Keeling curve from 1958 to 2017 CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa for November 2016 through October 2017 Ocean Acidification Change: 1700s to present day Ocean Acidification: The “Players” ACIDIFICATION OCEAN WATER Nutrients and Organics Nutrients and Organics Nutrients •Ions required for plant growth • ________ ratio •C:Si:N:P = 106:40:16:1 • ________ cycles • _____ elements are vital for _______________ Table 5.7 Nutrients in Seawater Nutrients and Organics Organics •Some are ________ or broken down into smaller molecules through _____________ •Some __________ in the sediment to form ___ and ___ deposits •Wide variety of substances found in Seawater • ________ •Carbohydrates •Lipids (fats) • ________ •Hormones • _________ elements, etc. Precipitating Useful Salts by Evaporating Seawater Sequence of Salts Formed from Evaporation of Seawater Chemical resources •Table salt (~30% of world supply) • _________ (~60% of world supply) •Bromine (~70% of world supply)

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