chapter 11 Guiding Questions - Josten Rivera

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Florida SouthWestern State College, Lee *

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1001C

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Geology

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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Chapter 11 - Guiding Questions 1. Name the primary layers that make up our planet. Which portions does the lithosphere include? The primary layers of the planet are the core, the mantle, and the crust. The lithosphere includes the uppermost portion of the mantle and the entirety of the crust. 2. Describe what occurs at a divergent plate boundary. What happens at a transform plate boundary? Compare and contrast the types of processes that can occur at a convergent plate boundary. At divergent plate boundaries, the plates push away from each other, releasing magma from the mantle. As this cools, it forms a new lithosphere. At transform plate boundaries, the plates rub against each other horizontally, creating friction, strike-slip faults, often causing earthquakes. At boundaries that are convergent, subduction can occur, causing deep trenches, or continental collision can occur, causing volcanoes and mountains to form. 3. Name the three main types of rocks, and describe how each type may be converted to the others via the rock cycle. The three main types of rock are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous and metamorphic rock can convert to sedimentary rock through weathering and erosion and lithification. Metamorphic rock can turn into igneous rock by melting and being released through volcanoes and cooling. Sedimentary and igneous rock become metamorphic rock by being subject to heating and pressure. Sedimentary rock can become igneous by first becoming metamorphic then melting and becoming igneous. 4. Explain the processes that produce earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, and mass wasting. 1. Earthquakes: built up pressure in fault lines results in a release of energy 2. Volcanoes: occurs when molten rock, hot gas or ash erupts through Earth's surface 3. Tsunamis: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and large coastal landslides can displace large volumes of ocean water instantaneously, which causes an immense swell of water to go out and then inland 4. Mass Wasting: downslope movement of soil and rock due to gravity 5. Define each of the following: (1) mineral, (2) metal, (3) ore, (4) alloy. Compare and contrast the terms. 1. Mineral: naturally occurring solid element or inorganic compound with a crystal structure, a specific chemical composition and distinct physical properties 2. Metal: type of chemical element that is lustrous, opaque and malleable and

can conduct heat and electricity 3. Ore: mineral or grouping of minerals from which we extract metals 4. Alloy: Substance created by fusing a metal with other metals or nonmetals 6. A mining geologist locates a horizontal seam of coal very near the surface of the land. What type of mining method will the mining company likely use to extract it? What is one common environmental impact of this type of mining? Strip mining would be used to extract the coal near the surface of land, this results in the damaging or removal of soil and obliterates natural communities 7. How does strip mining differ from subsurface mining? How does each of these approaches differ from open pit mining? Strip mining is the process of horizontally removing large pieces of land near the surface to extract resources. Subsurface mining is the removal of concentrated pockets or seams deep underground. Open pit mining involves digging a gigantic hole and removing the desired ore. 8. What is acid drainage, and where does it come from in a mining context? Why can such drainage be toxic to fish? Acid drainage is a process in which sulfide minerals in newly exposed rock surfaces react with oxygen and rain water to produce sulfuric acid, which produces chemical runoff as it leaches metal from the rocks. Receiving waters can have low pH values due to acid drainage, which causes toxic levels to most aquatic forms of life. 9. List five factors that can influence how long global supplies of a given mineral will last, and explain how each might increase or decrease the time span the mineral will be available to us. 1. Discovery of New Reserves: number of years a mineral is available to us increases 2. New Extraction Technologies: can reach more minerals at less expense, increase amt. of minerals that can be mined 3. Changing Social and Technological Dynamics: can modify demand for minerals in unpredicting ways, can be both positive or negative 4. Changing Consumption Patterns: changes in rates of consumption alters the speed in which minerals are exploited, can also be both positive or negative 5. Recycling: helped extend the lifetime of many mineral resources 10.Summarize the major factors that influence our estimates of reserves of valuable minerals and metals. The major factors that influence our estimates of reserves of valuable minerals

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