GEOL Study Sheet.docx

GEOL Study Sheet Chapter 1: The Earth In Context (Q001) The heliocentric model a) states that the Earth is the center of the Universe, and the Moon and planets revolve around it. b) was developed by Ptolemy and supported by his mathematical equations. c) was widely accepted during the Middle Ages (ca. 476-1400 c.e.). d) was supported by observations that planets follow an elliptical orbit. Hide question 1 feedback FEEDBACK: The heliocentric model of the Universe states that the Sun is the center of the Solar System and that the Earth, Moon, and planets orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits. It is the geocentric model that was developed by Ptolemy, was widely accepted during the Middle Ages, and states that the Earth is the center of the Universe. 1 / 1 point (Q002) Our Solar System a) is centrally positioned in the Milky Way Galaxy. b) is held together by the gravitational pulls of Jupiter and Saturn. c) currently consists of nine planets. d) completes one rotation around the center of the Milky Way every 250 million years. Hide question 2 feedback FEEDBACK: Our Solar System lies near the outer edge of the Milky Way, is held together by the gravitational pull of the Sun, and currently consists of eight planets, not nine. 1 / 1 point (Q003) Identify the true statement. a) The composition of the giant (Jovian) planets is mainly gas and "ice."

b) The Sun accounts for almost 50% of the Solar System's mass. c) The only two planets with moons are the Earth and Jupiter. d) Our Sun is the only star we know of that has planets associated with it. Hide question 3 feedback FEEDBACK: The Jovian (gas-giant) planets consist mainly of "ice" (frozen volatiles); the terrestrial planets consist mainly of cooled refractory materials (rock or metal). The Sun constitutes 99.8% of all mass of the Solar System. Most planets have moons, and scientists have observed dozens of stars with planetary systems. n 4 1 (Q004) Identify the statement that is true about the Big Bang. a) It occurred less than 13 million years ago. b) It began with all matter and energy concentrated in an infinitesimally small point. c) The Big Bang theory states that at the instant of explosion, atoms of all major elements came into existence d) It is the explanation for how our Solar System developed. Hide question 4 feedback FEEDBACK: The Big Bang began with all matter and energy concentrated into a singularity, an infinitesimally small point. The Big Bang occurred more than 13 billion (not million) years ago. At the instant of explosion, temperatures were too hot for atoms to form. The Big Bang theory is the explanation for how our Universe (not our Solar System) began. n 5 1 (Q005) This image shows

Click to view larger image. a) an example of nuclear fission. b) the formation of electromagnetic radiation. c) how supernovae form. d) two atoms combining during nuclear fusion. Hide question 5 feedback FEEDBACK: In nuclear fission, atoms break apart; in nuclear fusion (as shown in the image), atoms come together. n 6 1 (Q006) The Big Bang theory states that a) all matter and energy in the Universe was once packed into a single point. b) temperatures had to remain above 1 billion degrees in order for atoms to form.

c) the process of atom creation, termed Big Bang nucleosynthesis, produced all known natural elements. d) all of the possible answers are correct. Hide question 6 feedback FEEDBACK: The Big Bang theory states that all matter and energy was once packed into a single point, which exploded 13.8 billion years ago. During the Big Bang, only small atoms like helium, lithium, beryllium, and boron were formed once temperatures cooled below (not above) 1 billion degrees. Larger atoms developed in later-generation stars and in supernova explosions. n 7 1 (Q007) The heavier elements on the Earth (those with atomic numbers greater than 5) a) were in existence at the moment of the Big Bang. b) were formed immediately after the Big Bang. c) were formed by stellar nucleosynthesis during the life cycles of older stars and supernovae. d) are constantly being created by fusion in the Earth's core. Hide question 7 feedback FEEDBACK: There was no matter during the first instant of the Big Bang, only energy. Only light elements were formed during the Big Bang. Heavier elements were formed by fusion in stars and by supernovae, and are not created in the Earth's core. n 8 1 (Q008) The earliest nebulae to form in the Universe were made almost entirely of a) hydrogen and helium. b) chlorine and argon. c) iron and magnesium.

d) carbon and nitrogen. Hide question 8 feedback FEEDBACK: The earliest nebulae consisted entirely of the smallest atoms, mainly hydrogen and helium. Carbon production required the temperatures and subsequent particle velocities of stellar nucleosynthesis of at least first-generation stars. n 9 1 (Q009) Differentiation of large planetesimals and protoplanets a) is the process by which these bodies collide to form larger celestial bodies. b) began with cooling down the component materials within these bodies. c) is caused by heat created by the transformation of kinetic energy from collisions into thermal energy. d) was inhibited by the presence of radioactive elements because their decay absorbs heat from the surroundin Hide question 9 feedback FEEDBACK: Differentiation is the process by which planetesimals and protoplanets begin to develop internal layering. During collisions, kinetic energy transforms into thermal energy (heat), which drives differentiation. Therefore, differentiation can be caused by collisions, but the term does not refer to collisions proper. Radioactive decay releases energy; it does not absorb it. n 10 1 (Q010) The Earth is round because a) erosion over time has worn down the jagged edges of its planetesimals. b) its interior rock is warm enough to flow slowly in response to gravity. c) the solar wind has shaped it. d) the gravitational tug of the Moon has worn down the jagged edges. Hide question 10 feedback FEEDBACK: The Earth has a warm interior that is affected by gravity, which creates a spherical shape that permits the force of gravity to be the same at all points on its surface.

n 11 1 (Q011) Which of the following methods of heat transfer occurs when an increase in temperature creates a decrease in density, causing the warm, less dense material to rise, as shown in this diagram? Click to view larger image. a) radiation b) conduction c) convection d) advection Hide question 11 feedback FEEDBACK: Convection occurs when heat is transferred from one place to another. The increase in temperature causes a decrease in density that causes warm, low-density material to

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