HIM2589_Module 06_ResearchMedodologies_05.04.24

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May 29, 2024

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Module 06: Research Methodologies Rasmussen University HIM2589C Healthcare Statistic and Data Management

Research methodologies are the strategies, techniques, and procedures researchers use to conduct their studies. They are the systematic, theoretic analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. Research studies can range from exploratory or descriptive studies that strive to generate new hypotheses based on data collected to experimental studies that provide interventions or treatments that can reduce the spread of an existing disease. Non-systematic methods are short and easy, however the resulting indicators can be much less credible than those evolved with the aid of the use of systematic methods. Systematic strategies may be primarily based directly on scientific evidence or medical recommendations or combine proof and professional opinion. All measures should to be examined for acceptability, feasibility, reliability, sensitivity to change, and validity. A correlation study is a type of research method used in statistics to determine if there is a significant association or relationship between two variables. The correlation can be positive (both variables increase or decrease together), negative (one variable increases while the other decreases), or zero (no relationship). Correlation studies in healthcare are used to identify and analyze the relationships between different variables. The first step in a correlation study is to identify the variables of interest. For example, a healthcare researcher might be interested in the relationship between diet and heart disease. Once the variables have been identified, data is collected. This event could include surveys, medical records, or other forms of data collection. In our example, this might mean collecting data on individuals' diets and their heart health. The collected data is then analyzed to determine if there is a correlation between the variables. This is typically done using statistical software. The result is a correlation coefficient, a number between -1 and 1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship. The correlation coefficient is then interpreted. A positive correlation shows that as one variable increases, the other also

increases. A negative correlation shows that as one variable increases, the other decreases. A correlation close to 0 indicates little to no o relationship. The results of the correlation study can then be used to inform healthcare decisions. For example, if a strong positive correlation is found between a high-fat diet and heart disease, healthcare providers might recommend dietary changes to their patients to reduce their risk. A retrospective study is a type of observational research that involves looking back at historical data to examine the relationship between certain factors or variables and outcomes. This type of study uses data that has already been collected for other purposes, hence the term "secondary data". The events, behaviors, conditions, or characteristics of interest have already occurred by the time the study is initiated. Retrospective studies, also known as case-control studies, are used in healthcare to study the relationship between a disease or health outcome and an exposure to a risk factor. The first step is to identify a group of people, some of whom have been exposed to a certain risk factor. This could be a certain medication, lifestyle factors, or environmental exposure. The individuals are then classified according to whether they have developed the disease or health outcome of interest. This creates two groups: cases (those with the disease) and controls (those without the disease). Researchers then look back in time to see whether the cases were more likely to have been exposed to the risk factor than the controls. This is done by examining medical records, interviewing participants, or using other methods to gather data about past exposures. The data is then analyzed to determine whether there is a statistically significant association between the exposure and the disease. This is often done using odds ratios or relative risk statistics. Based on the results of the analysis, researchers can draw conclusions about the likelihood that the exposure is a risk factor for the disease.

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A prospective study is a type of observational research that involves following a group of individuals (known as a cohort) over a period of time. The purpose of this study is to determine the outcome of a certain variable or set of variables. The study starts in the present, where the individuals are first assessed for the factors to be studied, and then continues into the future. This is why it's often referred to as a "forward-looking" study. The researchers observe the subjects over time, noting any changes or outcomes related to the variables being studied. This type of study is often used in medical and health research to investigate the effects of certain risk factors on the development of diseases. Prospective studies are used in research when there is a strong suggestion of an association between an exposure and a disease. They are particularly useful when the exposure is rare and there is a short average time between the exposure and the onset of the disease. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a committee established to review and approve research involving human subjects. The purpose of the IRB is to ensure that all human subject research be conducted in accordance with all federal, institutional, and ethical guidelines. Its primary role is to protect the rights and welfare of the human subjects. The IRB has the authority to review, approve, disapprove or require changes in research activities involving human subjects.

Reference: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (n.d.). (irbs) and protection of human subjects . U.S. Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/about-fda/center-drug-evaluation-and- research-cder/institutional-review-boards-irbs-and-protection-human-subjects-clinical-trials Gordon, N.S. L. (2020). Health Information Management Technology: An Applied Approach (6th ed.). American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA). https://ambassadored.vitalsource.com/books/9781584267645

HIM2589_Module 06_ResearchMedodologies_05.04.24

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