Midterm preparation

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School

George Washington University *

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Course

6011

Subject

Health Science

Date

Dec 6, 2023

Type

pdf

Pages

6

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Outline from Week 1 to Week 5 1. Explain how energy influences human health - Energy influences human health because it is used to prepare food, warm our homes, produce our goods, power our travel and many more things 2. Define ethical considerations on what is meant by sustainable development - Sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the current generation without compromising or changing the developments of the future generation. Ethical consideration to what sustainable development is can be defined as using but not using up 3. Explain how each major energy source is used and their percent contribution in the US energy mix - Fossil fuel works when chemical bonds are created during photosynthesis. It is comprised of over 80% of the world’s energy supply. - Coal is a major energy source that is broken into 25% energy consumption and 40% electricity generation worldwide. - Petroleum accounts for ⅓ of primary energy consumption and more than 90% of transportation fuel. 4. Using systems thinking to evaluate the health impacts of fossil fuel use at the local and global level 5. Explain health impacts of unconventional extraction (e.g., Tar Sands, Mountaintop Removal, Hydro Fracturing) as well as changes to infrastructure (e.g., pipelines, rail) 6. Explain how water is used in electricity production 7. Use ethics and evidence to discuss limitations and benefits of renewable energy in developed and developing nations
8. Explain global weather patterns and why most all the earth’s rainforests are at the equator. 9. Describe lung physiology and particle clearance with macrophage and the mucociliary escalator. Upper bronchial tree - lots of larger pathways to the alveoli (much tinier pathways) small sacs that have the surface area of a tennis court and where blood is able to be oxidized and carried to other areas of the body. The alveolar macrophage sits inside the alveoli and consume particles that shouldn’t be there. The mucociliary is a then layer of sticky mucus that covers the inside of the bronchial pathways with tiny cilia (hairs) that grab particulate matter and push it up outside of you body. 10. Describe each of the 6 criteria air pollutants to include how they are emitted, their human health effects and general corrective actions taken to mitigate each air pollutant. Carbon Monoxide cars dizziness, confusion, unconsciousness, and death Electric cars, walking, biking Lead industry/cars/waste High blood press, brain, kidney, and reproductive health issues removed from petroleum, removed from paint, removed from pipes in the homes Nitrogen Dioxide Industry/Cars Headache, fatigue, dizziness, lack of oxygen in the bloodstream (blue color to skin) Electric cars, Ozone Industry/Cars PM<10um Natural>Industrial PM<2.5um Industrial<Natural Sulfur Dioxide Coal Burning
11. Understand the cause, controls and health implications of a thinning Stratospheric Ozone Freon (Chlorofluorocarbons - CFCs) - when warmed by the sun the chlorine will break off and destroy the ozone layer of the stratosphere, 1987 the world band the use of CFCs and improved the “hole” in the stratosphere layer over Antarctica and Australia. While the hole existed UV-B and UV-C rays were able to get through and increase cancer rates in the country. 12. Explain the mortality impacts of global indoor and outdoor air pollution. 7 million deaths worldwide INDOOR - 3.4M deaths, 3.7M OUTDOOR (some overlapped) 13. What percentage of the global population exceeded the WHO Guideline for PM 2.5 (in 2016) - 95% 14. Identify where household air pollution is a major issue globally and its link to economic development South Asia and East asia - residential usage, lower income Cooking - burn wood, coal, and poo, Lighting - kerosene, open fires, and candles Heating - Wood, agricultural resources, poop. Coal, and kerosene Polluting fuels - africa and asia Kills 8 million people before their 60 birthday (Cardio disease) - creates a barrier for economic development - healthcare costs and lost productivity 15. Describe trends in wildfires, smoke inhalation health impacts and the air pollutant of highest concern in wildfire smoke. you can see active fires in the world growing since 1960s, larger and hotter burning fires - climate change is also adding to this asthma, COPD exacerbation, respiratory infections, mortality, birth outcomes, PM2.5? 16. Explain the greenhouse effect and the influence of short-wave and long-wave radiation Sun sends radiation through the atmosphere which allows 70-75% to come through (Short Wave radiation) The earth's troposphere sends out Thermal radiation but only 15-30% escapes as the rest are absorbed into the atmosphere. More stays in than is allowed to escape = Greenhouse effect 17. Characterize the warming influence of CO2 and methane on the planet
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