Cardiac Study Guide

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Chamberlain College of Nursing *

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123

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Health Science

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Dec 6, 2023

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docx

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Cardiovascular Assessment Study Guide – Mrs. Manning ANATOMY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM List the 4 purposes of the Cardiovascular System It pumps oxygenated blood to tissues, removal and transport of cellular waste for excretion, returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart, return of lymph fluid back into the general circulation Explain the things that happen at the Capillary Bed Exchange of oxygen and nutrients, waste removal Identify the 2 parts of the Cardiac Chambers Atrium, ventricles Explain the opening and closing of the Cardiac Valves Based on pressure, ventricles relaxed during filling and AV valves are open allowing blood to flow in. Filling of ventricles force closing as pressure increases. Semilunar valves then open to expel blood, and ventricles contract. Where are the Coronary arteries located Left main, right coronary artery PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Which conduction node is considered to be the primary pacemaker and what is the rate SA node – 60-100 Which conduction node is considered to be the secondary pacemaker and what is the rate AV node – 40-60 On the EKG explain the electrical node conduction of the heart – where does it originate and then how does the sequence proceed. P wave – SA node fires. Atria depolarizes P-Q segment – time it takes for the signal to travel from SA node to AV node QRS complex – firing of AV node, ventricular depolarization R wave – depolarization of main mass of ventricles S wave – ventricle depolarization at the base of the heart. Atrial repolarization ST segment – ventricles contract and pump blood T Wave – ventricular relaxation/diastole Explain the 6 items to understand about a normal sinus rhythm What are the 2 factors that influence Blood Pressure Amount of cardiac output, and resistance to flow (peripheral vascular resistance)

Explain 2 ways that Blood Pressure is regulated Autonomic nervous systems – baroreceptors and chemoreceptors hormones Which cranial nerve affects the heart rate Cranial nerve 10 – vagus nerve What is Stroke Volume Amount of blood ejected per heartbeat (60-130ml) ASSESSMENT OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENT What assessment data should be included when taking a history of a new patient with chest pain Risk factors (modifiable/non-modifiable) Current health problems (diabetes, HTN, elevated cholesterol, chronic renal disease) Identify the 4 non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular system Age, sex, ethnicity, family history Identify the 5 modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular system Weight, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, smoking, stress, exercise Which 4 concurrent health problems can negatively affect cardiovascular disease Diabetes, HTN, elevated cholesterol, chronic renal disease What general items are assessed when conducting a physical assessment on a cardiac patient Appearance, nutrition, medications, HR, BP, urinary output Describe a cardiac patient’s general appearance Frail, pail, mental status (fear, anxiety) fatigue What symptoms can a patient with cardiovascular disease experience Angina; discomfort in neck, left arm, jaws, back; peripheral edema, weight gain, abdominal distension; palpitations; N&V; diaphoresis; unusual fatigue; dizziness, syncope, changes in consciousness; feeling of impending doom; heartburn Can an angina attack occur in a patient who is exercising and experiences chest pain YES What is included in the “inspection” portion of a cardiac physical assessment Color, capillary refill, edema, JVD, clubbing of fingers/toes, hair loss, ulcereations, brittle nails, dry skin, moisture (cool & clammy) What is included in the “palpation” portion of a cardiac physical assessment Pulses – rate, rhythm, strength (peripherally); PMI; 6 P’s of poor perfusion– pain, pallor, pulseless, paresthesia, poikilothermia (coldness), paralysis

What is included in the ‘auscultation’ portion of a cardiac physical assessment Heart sounds, BP, lung sounds What is the name and location of each cardiac site that is auscultated Sternoclavicular area, aortic area (left aorta), erb’s point (right aorta), tricuspid area (right ventricular area), mitral area(left ventricular area), What is included in Nursing Interventions with cardiac patients Teaching (meds, signals for actions, lifestyle modifications, risk factors); monitoring vital signs & assessment; administering meds; provide calming influence DIAGNOSTICE TESTS CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE What are the 2 laboratory blood tests are commonly drawn on cardiovascular patients Cholesterol, triglycerides Which blood test should be fasting Cholesterol What does an elevated blood level of Toponin indicate Damaged cardiac tissue (MI) What do coagulation studies monitor Anticoagulation therapy Cardiac damage will be identified by which laboratory blood tests – name 3 Creatine kinase, troponin, brain natriuretic peptide What does an Electrocardiography (EKG or ECG) evaluate Electrical activity of heart What does a Chest X-Ray show Size, contour, and position of the heart What does an echocardiogram evaluate Valves, ejection fraction, structure and function of heart walls TEE is a type of Echocardiogram – following the procedure when should the patient be allowed to eat and drink When patient’s gag reflex has returned and after a passing swallow test What does a stress test evaluate and which vital sign does the nurse monitor closely during the procedure Response of the CV system to stress, BP What does a Computerized Tomography CT evaluate Calcium deposits in coronary arteries

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