NUTR1010DE_Assignment2_Worksheet (3) (1) (1)

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NUTR*1010 Introduction to Nutrition Assignment 2: Nutrition Labelling In this assignment, you will be asked to review the labels for five nutrients and then respond to a series of questions pertaining to food labels. Use of References and In-Text Citations is Mandatory. Use APA format (https://guides.lib.uoguelph.ca/APA) Nutrient 1: Calcium content (17 marks) Review the labels for calcium content (Labels 1 and 2) and then respond to the questions below. Use the gray area to type in your answers. N.B. Label Transcripts may be found at the end of this document. Label 1 Label 2 1.1 Which food label should you choose more often? (Choose Label 1 or 2) and explain why - be specific? (2 marks) You should choose label 2 more often as it has a lower amount of sodium as well as a higher amount of calcium. This is the better option as high amounts of sodium consumed will result in high blood pressure thus increasing your risk of cardiovascular diseases. It is also a better option than label 2 as label 2 has no calcium which is an essential nutrient to have for your body to carry out functions such as preventing blood Page 1 of 17

NUTR*1010 Introduction to Nutrition clotting, bone strength and nerve signalling. 1.2 Identify - and explain - two health benefits of consuming a diet that meets the dietary requirements for calcium. Be specific. (2 marks) Having a diet that meets the dietary requirements for calcium will give you healthy, strong bones as well as reduce blood clotting and support growth. 99% of the calcium in our body is stored in your bones and your teeth, therefore to maintain strong bones an adequate amount of calcium is required. Consuming the required amounts of calcium in your diet will ensure that the process of healthy blood clotting is maintained. This is becuase when you get a cut or a wound of some type, in order to close off that wound and slop bleeding a mesh of fibrin must overlap the area, this mesh of fibrin comes from the activation of fibrinogen which occurs due to the presence of calcium. Thus having a diet that meets the requirements for calcium is crucial. 1.3 Identify and explain two health risks associated with consuming too little calcium? These must be different from your answers in question 1.2. Be specific. (2 marks) Consuming too little calcium can increase your risk of osteoporosis as well as weaker heart muscles. When there are low amounts of calcium in the blood, hormones will be released to initiate the breaking down of bone tissues to deposit calcium into the blood. If your body is constantly calcium deficient then this will cause a decrease in your bone density which will make your bones more fragile and susceptible to fractures. Calcium is also an essential part of nerve signalling, for a signal to move from one neuron to the next calcium must be present, thus, consuming too little calcium can result in disturbed nerve signalling. This will also affect the efficiency and strength of muscle contractions as they are dependent on the presence of calcium. 1.4 Calcium supplements take up a significant amount of space in the pharmacy. Go to the store and find two brands of calcium supplements. For EACH supplement brand, take one (1) picture of the label, AND one (1) picture of the facts panel. This means you will have four (4) pictures total for this question (two pictures of your first brand, and two pictures of your second brand). (2 marks). Explain which supplement you consider to be MORE beneficial - and explain why. Be specific (1 mark). <Insert 4 pictures here> 1.5 Explain how the calcium supplement needs to be taken in order for the body to get the best absorption. USE THE TEXTBOOK to answer b and c. Document: a) the forms of calcium in your supplements TIP: check the supplement ingredient list (2 marks), b) 2 or more dietary (food) inhibitors (2 marks) and c) 2 or more promoters (2 marks) of Page 2 of 17

NUTR*1010 Introduction to Nutrition bioavailability (3 x 2 marks = 6 marks). Oxalates also have a high effect on the absorption of calcium from your diet, this is because they will bind to calcium and create insoluble complexes which can not be absorbed into your body and will be excreted in the feces. high amounts of sodium can also be an inhibitor of calcium in the body as it will increase the amount of calcium excreted in the urine therefore decreasing the amount absorbed into the body. On the other side, substances such as vitamin D and inulin have been found to promote the absorption of calcium. This is because vitamin D plays a role in increasing the activation of genes that can increase the production of calcium transport proteins, this will result in the calcium levels in the blood as there are more transport proteins for calcium to be absorbed through. inulin is also a promoter for the absorption of calcium, this fibre will improve the absorption of calcium into the body by increasing the amount of healthy microflora which will decrease the pH in the colon making a more acidic environment and allowing better absorption of calcium. 1.6 Identify two Life Stages which may benefit from a calcium supplement - and explain why. Be specific. (2 marks) Enfants and adolescent will benefit from calcium supplements as their body is constantly growing meaning that more calcium needs to be deposited into the bones thus more must be available in the blood to ensure strong bones. taking calcium supplements may also increase the maximum bone mass peak which usually occurs around the age of 25 to 30 years old. Too little calcium during teenagers may result in weak bones once reach 50 or 60 years old thus putting you at a much higher risk for osteoporosis. (textbook). pregnant women should also take calcium supplements as the calcium in their bones will not only be used for their own needs but also the fetus. during pregnancy calcium will deposit into the blood to travel to the fetus where it will be used for the development of bones and teeth. if the calcium intake was not increased through diet and supplements then calcium must come form the mother's bones, this can be harmful for the mother as there is insufficient calcium for her own needs as well as a decrease in bone density. Nutrient 2: Iron content (17 marks) Review the labels for iron content (Labels 3 and 4) and then respond to the questions below. Use the gray area to type in your answers. Page 3 of 17

NUTR*1010 Introduction to Nutrition Label 3 Label 4 2.1 Which food label should you choose more often? (Choose Label 3 or 4) - and explain why? Be specific (2 marks). You should choose label 4 more often as it has a high amount of iron but also a good amount of fibre. When looking at the iron levels of a substance and comparing it to the fibre levels, one must take into account the effect that fibre has on the absorption of iron. When dietary fibre reaches the small intestine it can bind to molecules such as bile, cholesterol and iron which will limit their absorption. therefore even though label 3 has sufficient amounts of iron, not all of it gets absorbed due to the high amount of calcium. 2.2 Identify - and explain - two health risks associated with too much total iron? Be specific (2 marks). Too much total iron will increase the amount of iron that is stored in areas in your body such as your spleen, liver and skeletal muscle. when excess amounts of iron occur in the pancreas, this can start to damage the pancreas and result in a decreased amount of insulin produced. a decrease in insulin will result in lower amounts of glucose opprorbed y the cell will can also result in high blood pressure. when iron acumulates in the liver it can lead to the formation of fibrosis, which over time if continued can lead to cirrhosis which leads to scaring in the liver, thus meaning that the liver tissues are damaged and can not be repaired. 2.3 Identify - and explain - two health risks associated with too little total iron? Page 4 of 17

NUTR*1010 Introduction to Nutrition These must be different from your answers in question 2.2. Be specific (2 marks) iron is essential as it is a major component of your red blood cells, with low levels of iron, our red blood cells will not be able to form hemoglobin which is a protein found in the red blood cells and is responsible for carrying oxygen to wherever it is needed in the body. l\Low levels of hemoglobin will result in iron deficiency anemia. Individuals diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia will experience symptoms such as headaches, fatigue and weakness. these symptoms are due to the cells not receiving sufficient oxygen therefore cells are not able to perform cellular respiration as often as oxygen is an essential reactant to cellular respiration. This means that the body will not produce much energy which can explain the symptoms of fatigue in anemia. additionally, low iron levels can put you at a much higher risk of cardiovascular conditions such as tachycardia which occurs when your heart rate is elevated. This increase in heart rate is due to the lack of oxygen in the red blood cells due to the lack of iron. Therefore, the heart will work harder to pump more blood to get oxygen to the rest of the body. 2.4 Iron supplements take up a significant amount of space in the pharmacy. Go to the store and find two brands of iron supplements. For EACH supplement brand, take one (1) picture of the label, AND one (1) picture of the facts panel. This means you will have four (4) pictures total for this question (two pictures of the first brand, and two pictures of the second brand). (2 marks). Explain which supplement you consider to be MORE beneficial - and explain why (1 mark). Be specific. <Insert four pictures here> 2.5 Explain how the supplement needs to be taken in order for the body to get the best iron absorption. USE YOUR TEXTBOOK to answer b and c. Document: a) the form of iron in your supplements TIP – check the ingredient labels (2 marks), b) 2 or more dietary (food) inhibitors (2 marks) and ) 2 or more promoters (2 marks) of bioavailability (3 x 2 marks = 6 marks). the forms of iron available in the iron supplement include Substances in dairy such as calcium can inhibit iron absorption and thus should be avoided when consuming a high iron meal. Other inhibitors include tannins which are usually found in tea or coffee. Promoters of iron such as Vitamin C will increase the absorption of heme iron into the blood. for example, drinking a cup of orange juice after a meal will be able to increase the amount of dietary iron absorption happening in the small intestine. obtaining your dietary iron from meat, fish and poultry will increase the absorption of dietary iron as these substances have large amounts of heme iron which will absorb better into the body than non-heme iron. Page 5 of 17

NUTR*1010 Introduction to Nutrition 2.6 Name two Life Stages who could benefit from a supplement - and explain why (2 marks). Be specific. Females who are menstruating will benefit from iron supplements as they are constantly losing iron through their menstrual cycle every month. Iron supplements are also recommended for vegetarian or individuals who don't consume animal meat, this is because iron found in plants and non-meat meals are usually harder to digest and is found in a lower amount. Nutrient 3: Fibre content (8 marks) Review the labels for fibre content (Labels 5 and 6) and then respond to the questions below. Use the gray area to type in your answers. Label 5 Label 6 3.1 Which food label should you choose more often? (Choose Label 5 or 6) - and Page 6 of 17

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