HCA450_Unit3_Assignment_Douglas

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Abrianna Douglas Meghan O’Neil 202311E OL HCA450 AO Public Health November 22,2023 Unit 3 Assignment: Public Health Figure Born April 24, 1620, London and died April 18, 1674, London, John Graunt was an English statistician, considered to be the founder of the science of demography, the statistical study of human populations. (The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 1998) In his only publication, based on a pioneering analysis of the London Bills of Mortality, he replaced guesswork with reasoned estimates of population sizes and the first accurate information on male: female ratios. (Connor, 2022) His book was titled Natural and Political Observations mentioned in the following index and made upon the Bills of Mortality With reference to the Government, Religion, Trade, Growth, Ayre, diseases, and the several Changes of the said City. The Bills of Mortality were vital statistics about the citizens of London collected over a 70-year period. In his book, hereinafter referred to as Observations, Graunt explained that the accounts were kept as the number of deaths rose from the plague, a catastrophic illness whose germs were carried by fleas that lived as parasites on rats. In the year 1625 alone, one-fourth of England's population died, many from the plague. (Graunt, John (1620-1674), 1998) I chose him because Graunt's data was numerical, and he was the first person to use numerical tables to analyze data on health and disease. For each risk factor for Black Death he discovered, John Graunt in 1662 made a recommendation for action, such as fleeing the night air brought to the City of London docks on

foreign ships. These stopped the plague for 200 years! Patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and chronic aortic regurgitation had a lower mortality rate from aortic valve replacement due to a general reduction in risk. Though there are limitations to thinking beyond risk factors, managing intractable cardiogenic shock reduced risk-adjusted mortality in post- infarct ventricular septal defect. (Blackstone, 2006) To neutralize those brought by patient characteristics, imponderables, treatment delivery systems, institutions delivering care to groups of patients, and society caring for its population, we must think beyond traditional risk factors. The plague had a significant impact on the class relations between the European lords who controlled most of the land and the peasants who worked for them; as the population declined, it became more difficult to find laborers to clear fields, gather crops, and perform other labor- intensive tasks; as a result, peasants started to demand higher wages. The number of confirmed cases of plague in 1625 was 35,417, compared to 30,561 in the previous epidemic. However, Graunt points out that London's population was increasing during this time, so he looks at the percentage of all recorded cases of plague, which in 1625 was 35,417 out of 51,758 deaths. (Harkness, 2020) Most of the dead and dying from the disease that ravaged the 14th century belonged to the lower class, despite the notion of a plague being one of a widespread epidemic that affects everyone. ( Decameron Web | Plague , n.d.-b) Although human plague cases have been anecdotally linked to low socioeconomic status, this factor has rarely been quantitatively investigated in the United States, and data on this topic has not been systematically gathered for cases of Y. pestis infection. Determining human socioeconomic or behavioral risk factors could help define the highest risk populations more precisely and focus control efforts. To evaluate associations between socioeconomic factors and plague risk, we used US Census Bureau decennial data to compare census block groups. (Schotthoefer et al., 2012)

The concept of health was reframed in society as a function of cleanliness; isolation, piety, and cleanliness were all seen as complementary and mutually reinforcing strategies to help the populace fend off disease. Illness was also seen as a sign of morally and spiritually compromised social and environmental conditions and poor physical health. The concept of public health responsibility was also transformed by sanitation, making health protection a social duty. Disease control remained focused on epidemics, but its methods of containment changed from isolating and quarantining individuals to sanitizing and enhancing the communal environment. Finally, disease control moved from responding to sporadic outbreaks to ongoing preventative measures. With sanitation, public health became a societal goal and protecting health became a public activity. (National Academies Press (US), 1988) In conclusion, Plague, a rare but severe disease spread by rodents and fleas, has been traditionally associated with poor, unsanitary living conditions. John Graunt, a self-educated London draper, can be regarded as the founding father of demography, epidemiology, and vital statistics. John had recommendations to stop black death(plague) such as fleeing the night air brought to the City of London docks on foreign ships. The European lords who controlled most of the land and the peasants who worked for them were affected by the plague in terms of class relations; as the population decreased, it became more difficult to find laborers to clear fields, gather crops, and perform other labor-intensive tasks. As a result, peasants began to demand higher wages. By the time the plague wound down in the latter part of the century, the world had utterly changed. The wages of ordinary farmers and craftsmen had doubled and tripled, and nobles were knocked down a notch in social status. (LeVine, 2021) Sanitation made maintaining one's health a social responsibility and a public endeavor.

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