Final exam review
.docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
Chamberlain University College of Nursing *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
NR503NP
Subject
Health Science
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
5
Uploaded by CountProtonShark21
Pandemic-a global epidemic of disease that spreads to more than one continent.
Outbreak-the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An outbreak may only last for
a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years.
Quarantine-the separation and restriction of the movement of people who were or are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they become ill.
Isolation-the separation of sick people with a contagious disease from those who are not ill.
Disaster epidemiology-the use of epidemiology to assess the short and long term adverse health
effects of disasters to predict consequences of future disasters. It brings together various topic areas of epidemiology including acute and communicable disease, environmental health, occupational health, chronic disease, injury, mental health, and behavioral health.
Antigenic Drift-small changes (or mutations) in the genes of influenza viruses that can lead to changes in the surface proteins of the virus.
o
The changes associated with antigenic drift happen continually over time as the virus replicates. o
Main reason why people can get the flu more than one time and why the flu vaccine composition must be reviewed and updated each year to keep up with evolving influenza viruses.
Antigenic shift-abrupt, major changes in an influenza A virus, resulting in new surface proteins on influenza viruses that can infect humans. o
One way shift can happen is when an influenza virus from an animal population gains the ability to infect humans. o
This happens far less than antigenic drift, but the results are far more severe.
Type A viruses undergo both antigenic drift and shift and are the only influenza viruses known to
cause pandemics, while influenza type B viruses change only by the more gradual process of antigenic drift.
Pandemic preparedness and actions
o
The larger population of both humans and animals, and the widespread connectivity of people throughout the globe, create an environment in which a pandemic outbreak can spread quickly. o
Based on the severity and type of outbreak, the CDC will more than likely request actions by the public and healthcare providers to decrease the spread of disease.
Ask people who are ill and those who live with them to remain at home until they are no longer contagious, closing schools, and asking people to distance themselves socially from other adults and children within the community. o
The goals are to maximize the safety of healthcare workers and patients, ensure that the
basics of care such as airway maintenance and minimizing trauma are considered, and have a plan and education in place for infection control.
Pandemic Severity Index
o
Category 1: case fatality ration of less than 0.1% less than 90,000 U.S. deaths
o
Category 2: 0.1%-0.5% case fatality ratio and 90,000-450,000 U.S. deaths
o
Category 3: 0.5%-1% case fatality ratio and 450,000-900,000 U.S. deaths
o
Category 4: 1-2% case fatality ratio 900,000-1.8 million U.S. deaths
o
Category 5: greater than 2% case fatality ration, more than 1.8 million U.S. deaths
How does culture influence the decisions a provider may make when selecting an intervention?
o
It influences how an individual might view an illness, how they seek care, and how they might respond to a therapy. Cultural issues play a key role in compliance.
Explain how culture impacts provider attitudes? Does it? How will you assess your own attitudes about various cultures/races/groups?
o
Providers who are not culturally competent can affect patient satisfaction. Providers whom are knowledgeable can improve patient satisfaction. Providers with patients whom aren’t culturally competent might skip over information or choose different treatment.
Review the terms for this week and apply them to population health; for instance: cultural competence, cultural awareness, norms, values, kleinman explanatory model, socioeconomic status, disparities, minorities, food desert.
o
Cultural Competence-an understanding of how a patient’s cultural background shapes his beliefs, values, and expectations for therapy.
o
Cultural Awareness-knowledge of various cultural beliefs and values.
o
Norms-rules and expectations by which society guides the behavior of its members.
o
Values-the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way you live.
o
Kleinman Explanatory Model-explanatory model of illness; we can better understand our patients. Used to interpret the culture of medicine.
o
Socioeconomic Status-A persons position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education, place of residence, and other factors. o
Disparities-marked differences or distinctions.
o
Minorities-groups in society who do not form the majority of the population.
o
Food desert-a community in which the residents have little or no access to fresh, affordable, health foods, usually located in densely populated, urban areas.
What are the social determinants of health? How does a provider integrate knowledge of these social determinants of health into their practice? Why are they important?
o
Evaluate and implement public policy interventions to reduce socioeconomic inequalities, knowledgeable about screening and identify social determinants, increase research, and use of best practices.
Apply social justice theory to the provision of care; what does social justice mean when applied to health care?
o
Social justice is the view that everyone deserves equal rights and opportunities, including the right to good health.
What data sources are used to assess determinants of health?
o
Protocol for responding to and assessing patients’ assets, risks, and experiences (PREPARE) tool.
o
Surveillance and service provision data
o
Housing and labor data
o
Policy data
o
Gender equity data
Integrate risk/screening as it applies to genetics? How, what methods are used to screen for health conditions that may have genetic connections? What guidelines support evidence-based decision making in the area of genetics?
o
Genetic screening is offered to specific populations of asymptomatic individuals with the
aim of providing those identified as high risk with prevention and early treatment.
o
Prenatal tests, blood tests, sonograms, newborn screening.
o
Practical, standardized protocol to identify available evidence and generate qualitative summary reports of actionability for disorders and associated genes.
What is genetic risk assessment? How is it determined?
o
Technique that builds upon the discoveries in the area of DNA and genetic mapping, where genetic predispositions toward certain behaviors can be anticipated and prevented.
Explore and integrate genetic terminology, for example: Genomics, pharmacogenomics, genetic epidemiology. Also refer to HP2020.
o
Genomics-study and comparison of genomes within a single species or among different species.
o
Pharmacogenomics-the study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes.
o
Genetic epidemiology-the study of the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families and in populations.
What are the components of a genetic risk assessment?
o
Genetic counseling and testing. Should be as accurate as possible for individual and family decision making. Al info from population studies, pedigree, and genetic testing enhances the accuracy of an individual’s genetic risk.
Can you discuss the interplay (connection) between genetics and the environment, how do they influence on another? Do they?
o
How genomes react to the environment. The exposure to food, drugs, or toxins can alter
the way molecules bind to DNA and change the structure of proteins that wrap around DNA.
What in the Genetics Nondiscrimination Act?
o
2008-protects Americans from discrimination based on their genetic information in both
health insurance and employment.
Can you discuss the types of outbreaks at a population health level?
o
Two linked cases of a rare infectious disease may be sufficient to constitute and outbreak. Outbreak of a species population implies eventual disruption of its resource (or host) species.
How is the epidemiological triangle related to pandemics, outbreaks?
o
Epidemiological triangle is a model that was developed for studying health problems. It can help to understand infectious disease and how they spread.
If you were to explain “disaster epidemiology” to a colleague or nursing student, what would you say?
o
The use of epidemiology to assess the short-and long-term adverse health effects of disasters and to predict consequences of future disasters.
What is the WHO? What do the SDG’s (formerly MDG’s) mean?
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help