4-3 IHP 525 Quiz One
docx
keyboard_arrow_up
School
Southern New Hampshire University *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
-525
Subject
Health Science
Date
Apr 3, 2024
Type
docx
Pages
10
Uploaded by JusticeProton16705
IHP 525 Quiz One 1.
Prospective studies on nutrition often require subjects to keep detailed daily dietary logs. In contrast, retrospective studies often rely on recall. Which method (dietary logs or retrospective recall) do you believe is more likely to achieve accurate results?
Explain your response.
When assessing an individual's nutritional intake, dietary logs have proven to be a more reliable and accurate than retrospective recall. While both techniques involve recording food intake, dietary logs offer several advantages that make them valuable nutritional research tools.
One critical advantage of dietary logs is their real-time ability to capture food intake. Unlike retrospective recall, which relies on subjects' memory of what they ate, dietary logs force individuals to document their meals and snacks as they occur. This immediate recording minimizes the likelihood of forgetting or inaccurately remembering details, ensuring a more accurate representation of their dietary habits.
Moreover, dietary logs allow recording more detailed information, such as portion sizes and specific food items. This level of detail is crucial in understanding an individual's overall nutritional intake. By providing a comprehensive picture of a subject's eating habits, dietary logs can help identify patterns, preferences, and potential nutritional imbalances.
In contrast, retrospective recall relies on individuals' memories of their food intake, often influenced by various factors. Memory can be unreliable, especially when the passage of time may have blurred details or subjects may have intentionally underreported certain food items. As
a result, retrospective recall may result in incomplete or inaccurate data, hindering accurate nutritional assessment.
Furthermore, dietary logs offer several additional benefits that can enhance research outcomes. They can be easily collected and analyzed, allowing researchers to review and analyze
large volumes of data systematically. Additionally, dietary logs can be used in conjunction with other forms of data collection, such as physical activity levels or health questionnaires, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of an individual's overall health and well-being. (Bailey, 2021)
2.
We often have a choice of whether to record a given variable on a quantitative (continuous) or a categorical scale. a. How does one measure age quantitatively? Age can be accurately measured using numbers, such as months and years. This is known
as quantitative data, which is measured and written down with numerical values. Using numbers to represent age, we can quantify changes over time.
There are several methods of measuring age quantitatively. One standard method is to count the years since a person was born, known as chronological age. By subtracting the person's
date of birth from the current date, we can determine the number of years they have been alive.
Another quantitative measure of age is its physiological or biological effects. This can be done by assessing various physical attributes, such as height, weight, or bone density. These measurements can provide valuable insights into an individual's health and well-being.
In addition to chronological and physiological age, mathematical formulas are used to calculate age. These formulas consider factors such as growth rate, maturation rate, and life expectancy. By inputting specific data into these formulas, it is possible to estimate a person's age accurately.
It is important to note that age is not always measured precisely. Factors such as birth date accuracy, environmental factors, and individual variations can affect the accuracy of age
determination. However, using quantitative measures such as months and years provides a reliable way to measure age consistently and systematically. (Kim et al., 2015)
b. Provide an example by which age can be measured categorically.
One way to measure age quantitatively is to use biomarkers. Biomarkers are measurable indicators of bodily functions or diseases directly associated with age. These markers include blood pressure, heart rate, bone density, cognitive function, and hormone levels. By analyzing these biomarkers, scientists can determine a person's biological age and compare it to their chronological age.
In addition to biomarkers, other quantitative methods for measuring age include telomere length analysis, DNA methylation patterns, and gene expression profiles. These methods provide
insights into the biological aging process and help identify factors that influence longevity. (Green et al., 2021)
3.
Telephone surveys may use a telephone directory to identify individuals for a study. Speculate on the type of household that would be underrepresented by using this sampling frame.
The sampling frame used in this poll excludes households without a telephone line and individuals with unlisted numbers. Additionally, it accounts for double-counting individuals from households with more than one point.
Most polls conducted via telephone employ a method of dialing random numbers to generate a random sample of households. However, specific exclusions are made before doing so. Fax and business numbers are typically excluded from consideration as they do not represent the general populace.
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
By omitting households without telephone lines, the poll aims to ensure that only households with active telephone service are included in the sample. This ensures that the survey
results can be generalized to the general population.
Similarly, excluding unlisted numbers aims to minimize bias and ensure the selected households are easily accessible and reachable for the interviewers. Double counting is addressed in the sampling frame by accounting for households with more than one point. This ensures that each household is counted only once, regardless of the number of individuals living there. This measure helps maintain the sample's integrity and prevent response duplication.
Overall, the sampling frame used in this poll ensures a random and representative sample by eliminating households without telephone lines, unlisted numbers, and households with multiple points. The poll aims to obtain accurate and reliable data by following these exclusion criteria. (Gerstman, 2015)
4.
Could the number “0000” appear in a table of random digits? If so, how likely is this?
Yes, the number 0000 could appear on the table of random digits. And the number 0000 will occur
once in every 10000 4-tuples
. Now, 9999 is the highest four-digit number. So, from 0001 to 9999 makes a total of 9999 numbers, plus the number 0000 makes a total of 10,000 numbers. Since in a random digit table, each number has an equal probability of occurrence, each
number from 0000 to 9999 has a chance of occurring once in 10,000 four-tuples. Therefore, the number “0000” will occur once in every 10,000 four-tuples.
5.
Body weights of 18 diabetics expressed as a percentage of ideal (defined as body weight divided by ideal body weight x 100) are listed: {107, 119, 99, 114, 120, 104, 88, 114, 124, 116, 101, 121, 152, 100, 125, 114, 95, 117}. Construct a stem-and-leaf plot or box plot of these data and describe the distribution.
6.
Which two measures of central location are equal when data follow a perfectly normal distribution?
When data follow a perfectly normal distribution, the two equal measures of central location are the Mean(arithmetic average) and the Median. In a perfectly normal distribution, the mean and median will have the same value, which is the center of the distribution.
Explanation:
In normal distribution, there is a symmetrical or bell-shaped distribution, which shows that the mean and median are the same.
7.
To assess the air quality in a surgical suite, the presence of colony-forming spores per cubic meter of air is measured on three successive days. The results are as follows: {12, 24, 30}. Calculate the mean and standard deviation for these data.
8.
In a lottery game, a person must select 5 numbers from a total of 40. Tracy has chosen 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Jaime has chosen 39, 17, 37, 5, 28. Who has a greater chance of
winning?
Given Data
The total numbers (n)=40
The player selected number (r) =5
The number of possible outcomes
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
9.
In a box, there are 8 orange, 7 blue, and 6 red balls. One ball is selected randomly. What is the probability that it is neither orange nor red?
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
References
Bailey RL. Overview of dietary assessment methods for measuring intakes of foods, beverages, and dietary supplements in research studies
. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2021 Aug;70:91-96. doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.02.007. Epub 2021 Mar 11. PMID: 33714006; PMCID: PMC8338737.
Gerstman, B. (2015).
Basic Biostatistics: Statistics for Public Health Practice
(2 ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Green S, Hillersdal L. Aging biomarkers and the measurement of health and risk
. Hist Philos Life Sci. 2021 Feb 23;43(1):28. doi: 10.1007/s40656-021-00367-w. PMID: 33620613; PMCID: PMC7901506.
Kim S, Jazwinski SM. Quantitative measures of healthy aging and biological age. Healthy Aging
Res. 2015;4:26. doi: 10.12715/har.2015.4.26. PMID: 26005669; PMCID: PMC4440677.